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has passed

  • 1 praetereo

    praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.
    I.
    Neutr.
    A.
    To go by or past, to pass by:

    si nemo hac praeteriit,

    Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

    ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

    id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

    praeteriens modo,

    in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

    quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

    te praetereunte,

    Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

    redire potest,

    Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

    nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

    biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

    Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

    tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

    Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—
    B.
    To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

    aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

    Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

    figura hujus mundi,

    id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—
    II.
    Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.
    A.
    Lit.:

    praeterire pistrinum,

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

    jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

    id. As. 3, 4, 15:

    hortos,

    Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

    jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

    Verg. A. 4, 157:

    Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

    Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

    praeterita est virgo,

    Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

    ripas Flumina praetereunt,

    flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

    nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—
    2.
    With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

    non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

    Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

    sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

    id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—
    3.
    To pass by or over, i. e.
    a.
    To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

    quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

    ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

    178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

    id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

    et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

    what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

    aliquid silentio,

    id. Brut. 22, 88:

    praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

    Ov. F. 6, 319:

    ut nihil praeteream,

    Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

    ne quid praetereatur,

    id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—
    b.
    To pass over, omit, make no use of:

    locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

    Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—
    c.
    To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

    litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

    Suet. Aug. 88.—
    d.
    To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

    verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

    quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

    App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

    nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

    to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

    tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

    left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—
    e.
    In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

    populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

    Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

    cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

    id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

    Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

    were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

    fratris filium praeteriit,

    has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

    me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

    neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

    quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

    Mart. 7, 86, 5:

    si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

    Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—
    f.
    To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

    hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

    virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

    Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

    ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

    Juv. 14, 214.—
    g.
    To transgress:

    justum praeterit ira modum,

    due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,
    A.
    praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

    loqui,

    Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—
    B.
    praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

    nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

    Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

    aetas,

    id. ib. 2, 4:

    anni,

    Verg. A. 8, 560:

    nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

    Ov. H. 20, 187:

    labor,

    Quint. 10, 7, 4:

    secula,

    id. 12, 4, 2:

    vita,

    Just. 42, 1:

    viri,

    dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

    negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

    for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

    praeteritā noc. te,

    last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

    quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

    Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

    sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

    Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

    monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

    invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

    Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

    praeterita mutare non possumus,

    Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praetereo

  • 2 Praeterita

    praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.
    I.
    Neutr.
    A.
    To go by or past, to pass by:

    si nemo hac praeteriit,

    Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

    ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

    id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

    praeteriens modo,

    in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

    quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

    te praetereunte,

    Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

    redire potest,

    Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

    nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

    biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

    Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

    tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

    Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—
    B.
    To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

    aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

    Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

    figura hujus mundi,

    id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—
    II.
    Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.
    A.
    Lit.:

    praeterire pistrinum,

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

    jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

    id. As. 3, 4, 15:

    hortos,

    Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

    jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

    Verg. A. 4, 157:

    Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

    Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

    praeterita est virgo,

    Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

    ripas Flumina praetereunt,

    flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

    nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—
    2.
    With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

    non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

    Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

    sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

    id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—
    3.
    To pass by or over, i. e.
    a.
    To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

    quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

    ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

    178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

    id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

    et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

    what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

    aliquid silentio,

    id. Brut. 22, 88:

    praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

    Ov. F. 6, 319:

    ut nihil praeteream,

    Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

    ne quid praetereatur,

    id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—
    b.
    To pass over, omit, make no use of:

    locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

    Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—
    c.
    To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

    litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

    Suet. Aug. 88.—
    d.
    To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

    verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

    quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

    App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

    nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

    to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

    tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

    left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—
    e.
    In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

    populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

    Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

    cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

    id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

    Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

    were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

    fratris filium praeteriit,

    has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

    me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

    neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

    quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

    Mart. 7, 86, 5:

    si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

    Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—
    f.
    To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

    hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

    virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

    Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

    ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

    Juv. 14, 214.—
    g.
    To transgress:

    justum praeterit ira modum,

    due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,
    A.
    praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

    loqui,

    Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—
    B.
    praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

    nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

    Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

    aetas,

    id. ib. 2, 4:

    anni,

    Verg. A. 8, 560:

    nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

    Ov. H. 20, 187:

    labor,

    Quint. 10, 7, 4:

    secula,

    id. 12, 4, 2:

    vita,

    Just. 42, 1:

    viri,

    dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

    negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

    for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

    praeteritā noc. te,

    last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

    quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

    Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

    sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

    Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

    monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

    invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

    Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

    praeterita mutare non possumus,

    Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Praeterita

  • 3 praeterita

    praetĕr-ĕo, īvi, and more freq. ĭi, ĭtum, īre ( fut. praeteriet, Vulg. Sap. 1, 8; id. Ecclus. 39, 37; Juvenc. 4, 159), v. n. and a.
    I.
    Neutr.
    A.
    To go by or past, to pass by:

    si nemo hac praeteriit,

    Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 15:

    ut arbitri sint, qui praetereant per vias,

    id. Merc. 5, 4, 46:

    praeteriens modo,

    in passing by, Ter. And. 1, 5, 18:

    quasi praeteriens satisfaciam universis,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 50; cf. id. Brut. 54, 200:

    te praetereunte,

    Juv. 3, 275.—Of impers. and abstract subjects: nec, quae praeteriit, iterum revocabitur unda nec quae praeteriit hora;

    redire potest,

    Ov. A. A. 3, 63:

    nocte hac, quae praeteriit, proxima,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 3.—So of time:

    biennium praeteriit cum ille cubitum nullum processerit,

    Cic. Att. 13, 12, 3:

    tertius jam praeteriit annus, cum interim, etc.,

    Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 1, 7.—
    B.
    To be lost, disregarded, perish, pass away, pass without attention or fulfilment (late Lat.):

    aut unus apex non praeteribit de lege,

    Vulg. Matt. 5, 8:

    figura hujus mundi,

    id. 1 Cor. 7, 31; id. Eccl. 1, 4; 7, 1.—
    II.
    Act., to go by or past, to pass by, overtake, pass a person or thing.
    A.
    Lit.:

    praeterire pistrinum,

    Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 27:

    jam hunc non ausim praeterire,

    id. As. 3, 4, 15:

    hortos,

    Cic. Fin. 5, 1, 3:

    jam hos cursu, jam praeterit illos,

    Verg. A. 4, 157:

    Maura Pudicitiae cum praeterit aram,

    Juv. 6, 308.— Pass.:

    praeterita est virgo,

    Ov. M. 10, 680.—Of inanim. subjects:

    ripas Flumina praetereunt,

    flow past their banks, Hor. C. 4, 7, 3.—
    B.
    Trop.
    1.
    To pass by an evil, to escape a danger:

    nescis, quid mali Praeterieris,

    Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 4.—
    2.
    With neutr. adj., or a clause as subject, to escape one, i. e. to escape one's knowledge, be unknown to one:

    non me praeterit... me longius prolapsum esse,

    Cic. Caecin. 35, 101:

    sed te non praeterit, quam sit difficile,

    id. Fam. 1, 8, 2: nec dubitamus multa esse, quae et nos praeterierint, Plin. H. N. praef. § 18.—
    3.
    To pass by or over, i. e.
    a.
    To pass over, leave out, omit, not mention:

    quae nunc ego omnia praetereo ac relinquo,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 106:

    ut hoc praeteream, quod, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 3, 77, §

    178: omitto jurisdictionem contra leges, caedes relinquo, libidines praetereo,

    id. Prov. Cons. 3, 6:

    et quod paene praeterii, Bruti tui causā feci omnia,

    what I had nearly failed to mention, id. Att. 6, 3, 5:

    aliquid silentio,

    id. Brut. 22, 88:

    praeteream, referamne tuum... Dedecus?

    Ov. F. 6, 319:

    ut nihil praeteream,

    Plin. 2, 98, 101, § 220:

    ne quid praetereatur,

    id. 16, 10, 20, § 50.—
    b.
    To pass over, omit, make no use of:

    locus, qui praeteritus neglegentiā est,

    Ter. Ad. prol. 14.—
    c.
    To pass over, to omit, leave out, in reading or writing, Mart. 13, 3, 8:

    litteras non modo, sed syllabas praeterit,

    Suet. Aug. 88.—
    d.
    To neglect or forget to do a thing, to omit, leave out, in action; with inf.:

    verum, quod praeterii dicere, neque illa matrem, etc.,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 68:

    quod sciscitari paene praeterivi,

    App. M. 3, p. 139, 22.—With acc.:

    nullum genus crudelitatis praeterire,

    to leave unpractised, Cic. Phil. 3, 2, 4.— Pass.:

    tantā vi dixisse ut nulla pars orationis silentio praeteriretur,

    left without applause, Cic. Brut. 22, 88.—
    e.
    In elections. legacies, invitations, donations, etc., to pass over, take no notice of, to neglect, reject, exclude any one:

    populus solet nonnumquam dignos praeterire: nec, si a populo praeteritus est, etc.,

    Cic. Planc. 3, 8:

    cum sapiens et bonus vir suffragiis praeteritur,

    id. Tusc. 5, 19, 54:

    Philippus et Marcellus praetereuntur,

    were passed by, received no appointment, Caes. B. C. 1, 6:

    fratris filium praeteriit,

    has passed by, bequeathed nothing to, Cic. Phil. 2, 16, 41:

    me quoque Romani praeteriere patres,

    neglected me, forgot me, Ov. F. 5, 312:

    quid repente factum, Quod sum praeteritus vetus sodalis?

    Mart. 7, 86, 5:

    si eum (filium) silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur,

    Gai. Inst. 2, 123.—
    f.
    To go beyond, to surpass, excel:

    hos nobilitate Mago Carthaginiensis praeteriit,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 1:

    virtus alios tua praeterit omnes,

    Ov. P. 4, 7, 51:

    ut Ajax praeteriit Telamonem,

    Juv. 14, 214.—
    g.
    To transgress:

    justum praeterit ira modum,

    due limits, Ov. F. 5, 304. —Hence,
    A.
    praetĕrĕunter, adv., in passing, cursorily (eccl. Lat.):

    loqui,

    Aug. Tractat. 118, in Joann.—
    B.
    praetĕrĭ-tus, a, um, P. a., gone by, past, past and gone, departed:

    nec praeteritum tempus unquam revertitur,

    Cic. Sen. 19, 69:

    aetas,

    id. ib. 2, 4:

    anni,

    Verg. A. 8, 560:

    nox, Prop 2, 11 (3, 6), 9: culpa,

    Ov. H. 20, 187:

    labor,

    Quint. 10, 7, 4:

    secula,

    id. 12, 4, 2:

    vita,

    Just. 42, 1:

    viri,

    dead and gone, departed, Prop. 2, 10, 52 (3, 5, 36):

    negotiantes veniā in praeteritum donavit,

    for the past, for their past conduct, Suet. Dom. 9:

    praeteritā noc. te,

    last night, Juv. 10, 235.—In gram.: tempus praeteritum, the past or preterit tense:

    quaedam verba etiam mutantur, ut fero in praeterito,

    Quint. 1, 4, 29.— Subst.: prae-tĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things gone by, the past:

    sevocatus animus a contagione corporis meminit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura praevidet,

    Cic. Div. 1, 30, 63; id. Fat. 7, 14:

    monet ut in reliquum tempus omnes suspiciones vitet: praeterita se fratri condonare dicit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

    invidiam praeteritorum contemptu praesentium demere,

    Just. 21, 5, 10.—Prov.:

    praeterita mutare non possumus,

    Cic. Pis. 25, 59 init. —In partic., Praetĕrĭta, ōrum, n., things passed over (Gr. paraleipomena), a name of the books of Chronicles, because they contain what had been omitted in the books of Kings, Hier. Ep. 18, n. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > praeterita

  • 4 at

    at or ast, conj. [Curtius connects the Sanscr. ati, ultra, nimis, the Gr. eti, the Lat. et, and at in atavus; Vanicek connects with these at, atque, and atqui. Thus the original idea of addition is prominent in eti, et, and atque; and the idea of opposition in at and atqui, which agree with at-ar in meaning as well as in form. After the same analogy, the Gr. pleon, more, has become plên, but; and the Lat. magis has passed into the same meaning in the Fr. mais and the Ital. mai. The confusion in MSS. between at, ac, and et, and between atque and atqui, was prob. caused as much by their connection in idea as in form] (it was sometimes, for the sake of euphony, written ad; cf. Quint. 12, 10; 12, 32; 1, 7, 5; Charis. p. 203 P., where, instead of at conjunctionem esse, ad vero praepositionem, the reading should be, ad conjunctionem esse, at vero praepositionem, Fr.; v. the pass. in its connection; cf. also Vel. Long. p. 2230 P.; Cassiod. p. 2287 P.; Mar. Vict. p. 2458 P. The form ast is found in the old laws; it occurs once in Trag. Rel., but never in Com. Rel. nor in Lucil.; at is found in Plautus about 280 times, and ast about 10 times; in Ter. at about 100 times, and ast once; in Hor. at 60 times, ast 3 times; in Verg. at 168 times, ast 16; in Juv. at 17 times, ast 7; Catull., Tibull., and Prop. use only at, and Pers. (Jahn) only ast; in prose, Cic. uses [p. 186] ast in his epistles. It joins to a previous thought a new one, either antithetical or simply different, and especially an objection; while sed denotes a direct opposition; and autem marks a transition, and denotes at once a connection and an opposition).
    I.
    In adding a diff., but not entirely opp. thought, a qualification, restriction, etc., moreover, but, yet; sometimes an emphasized (but never merely copulative) and.
    A.
    In gen.: SEI PARENTEM PVER VERBERIT AST OLE PLORASSIT PVER DIVEIS PARENTOM SACER ESTO, if the son strike his father, and the father complain, let the son, etc., Lex Serv. Tullii ap. Fest. s. v. plorare, p. 230 Müll.; Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 24: Philosophari est mihi necesse, at paucis, but only in a few words, Enn., Trag. Rel. p. 65 Rib.:

    DIVOS ET EOS QVI CAELESTES, SEMPER HABITI COLVNTO... AST OLLA PROPTER QVAE etc.,

    Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19; 3, 4, 11: hinc Remus auspicio se devovet atque secundam Solus avem servat. At Romulus pulcer in alto Quaerit Aventino, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 83 Vahl.); Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 22:

    si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit,

    id. ib. 3, 5, 25:

    paret Amor dictis carae genetricis. At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem Inrigat,

    Verg. A. 1, 691:

    (Aeneas) finem dedit ore loquendi. At, Phoebi nondum patiens, immanis in antro Bacchatur vates,

    id. ib. 6, 77; 11, 709 sq.: quo (odore) totum nati corpus perduxit;

    at illi Dulcis compositis spiravit crinibus aura,

    id. G. 4, 416; so id. ib. 4, 460; 4, 513; id. A. 3, 259; 3, 675; 7, 81; 8, 241; 9, 793; Prop. 4, 4, 15; 4, 7, 11; Luc. 3, 664; 4, 36 al.—Also in prose (chiefly post-Aug.):

    una (navis) cum Nasidianis profugit: at ex reliquis una praemissa Massiliam, etc.,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 7:

    ubi facta sunt, in unum omnia miscentur. At pastilli haec ratio est, etc.,

    Cels. 5, 17; 6, 18:

    quamquam insideret urbem proprius miles, tres urbanae, novem praetoriae cohortes Etruriā ferme Umbriāque delectae aut vetere Latio et coloniis antiquitus Romanis. At apud idonea provinciarum sociae triremes etc.,

    Tac. A. 4, 5; 4, 6:

    negavit aliā se condicione adlecturum, quam si pateretur ascribi albo, extortum sibi a matre. At illa commota etc.,

    Suet. Tib. 51; id. Calig. 15; 44; id. Vesp. 5; id. Dom. 4; id. Galb. 7 al.—In the enumeration of particulars:

    Cum alio cantat, at tamen alii suo dat digito litteras, Naev., Com. Rel. p. 20 Rib.: dant alios aliae (silvae) fetus: dant utile lignum Navigiis pinos... At myrtus validis hastilibus et bona bello Cornus,

    Verg. G. 2, 447:

    Nam neque tum stellis acies obtunsa videtur... At nebulae magis etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 401; 3, 87; id. A. 7, 691:

    Hic altā Sicyone, ast hic Amydone relictā, Hic Andro, etc.,

    Juv. 3, 69.— The Vulg. often uses at as a mere continuative, where even et or atque might stand: sciscitabur ab iis ubi Christus nasceretur. At illi dixerunt ei: In etc., Matt. 2, 5; 4, 20; 8, 32; 14, 29; 15, 34 et persaep.—In transition,
    B.
    Esp.,
    1.
    To a new narration, like the Gr. de; so the commencement of the fourth book of the Æneid: At regina gravi jam dudum saucia curā, etc. (the third book closes with the narrative of Æneas); so the beginning of the third book of the Thebaid of Statius: At non Aoniae moderator perfidus aulae, etc.; Verg. A. 4, 504; 5, 35; 5, 545; 5, 700; 5, 779; 6, 679; 7, 5; 8, 370; 8, 608; 9, 503; 10, 689; 11, 597; 12, 134 et saep.—Also in the postAug. histt. and other prose writers; so after speaking of the Ubii etc., Tac. says: At in Chaucis coeptavere seditionem praesidium agitantes etc., A. 1, 38; so ib. 4, 13; 12, 62; 14, 23 et saep.—
    2.
    To a wonderful, terrible, unexpected, or exciting occurrence or circumstance:

    clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit, etc.... At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones Effugiunt,

    Verg. A. 2, 225; 3, 225:

    Lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilicis umbrae, Et facta agresti lignea falce Pales etc. At quā Velabri regio patet etc.,

    Tib. 2, 5, 33; Verg. G. 4, 471:

    consurgit Turnus in ensem et ferit. Exclamant Troes trepidique Latini, Arrectaeque amborum acies. At perfidus ensis Frangitur in medio,

    id. A. 12, 731; 10, 763:

    adusque Supremum tempus, ne se penuria victūs Opprimeret metuebat. At hunc liberta securi divisit medium,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 99: Magnus quanto mucrone minatur Noctibus hibernis et sidera terret Orion. At sonipes habitus etc., Stat. S. 1, 1, 46.—
    3.
    To a passionate appeal, etc., in which case the antecedent clause is not expressed, but must be considered as existing in the mind of the speaker; cf. in Gr. alla su, su de.
    a.
    In passing to an interrogation, exhortation, request:

    At, scelesta, viden ut ne id quidem me dignum esse existumat?

    Plaut. As. 1, 2, 23; id. Aul. 1, 1, 8:

    At qui nummos tristis inuncat?

    Lucil. 15, 21 Müll.: Me. Sauream non novi. Li. At nosce sane, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 58: Ca. Non adest. Ps. At tu cita, id. Ps. 1, 1, 30:

    satis habeo, at quaeso hercle etiam vide,

    id. Merc. 5, 4, 53 (Ritschl, sat habeo. Sed):

    at unum hoc quaeso... Ut, etc.,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 89:

    at tu, qui laetus rides mala nostra caveto Mox tibi,

    Tib. 1, 2, 87:

    Hunc ut Peleus vidit, At inferias, juvenum gratissime Crantor, Accipe, ait,

    Ov. M. 12, 367:

    at tu, nauta, vagae ne parce malignus arenae Ossibus et capiti inhumato Particulam dare,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 23.—In prose:

    at vide quid succenseat,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 24, 2:

    itaque pulsus ego civitate non sum, quae nulla erat: at vide, quam ista tui latrocinii tela contempserim,

    id. Part. Or. 4, 1, 28; id. Dom. 44; App. M. 6, p. 179, 18.—
    b.
    In expressions of passion, astonishment, indignation, pain, etc.:

    At ut scelesta sola secum murmurat,

    Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 13: Sc. Nunc quidem domi certost: certa res est Nunc nostrum opservare ostium, [ubi] ubist. Pa. At, Sceledre, quaeso, Ut etc., id. Mil. 2, 4, 46:

    At o deorum quidquid in caelo regit Terras et humanum genus, Quid iste fert tumultus?

    Hor. Epod. 5, 1:

    At tibi quanta domus rutila testudine fulgens, etc.,

    Stat. S. 2, 4, 11.—In prose:

    horum omnium studium una mater oppugnat: at quae mater?

    Cic. Clu. 70; id. Verr. 2, 2, 45:

    at per deos immortales! quid est, quod de hoc dici possit,

    id. ib. 2, 1, 46:

    institui senatores, qui omnia indicum responsa perscriberent. At quos viros!

    id. Sull. 42; id. Deiot. 19, 33:

    tangit et ira deos: at non impune feremus,

    Ov. M. 8, 279; 10, 724:

    at tibi Colchorum, memini, regina vacavi,

    id. H. 12, 1.—
    c.
    In indignant imprecations:

    At te di omnes cum consilio, Calve, mactāssint malo! Pomp., Com. Rel. p. 245 Rib.: At te Juppiter diique omnes perdant!

    Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 37:

    At te di deaeque faxint cum isto odio, Laches,

    Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 59:

    At te di perdant,

    id. Eun. 3, 1, 41:

    At tibi di dignum factis exitium duint,

    id. And. 4, 1, 42:

    At vobis male sit,

    Cat. 3, 13:

    At tibi, pro scelere, exclamat, pro talibus ausis Di... persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

    Verg. A. 2, 535.—In prose:

    At vos, ait, devota capita, respiciant di perjuriorum vindices,

    Just. 14, 4, 10.—
    d.
    Rarely of friendly inclination, disposition:

    At tibi di bene faciant omnes,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 18:

    At tibi di semper, adulescens, quisquis es, faciant bene,

    id. Men. 5, 7, 32:

    At tu, Catulle, destinatus obdura,

    Cat. 8, 19.—
    e.
    In entreaty:

    At vos, o superi, miserescite regis,

    Verg. A. 8, 572:

    at tu, pater deūm hominumque, hinc saltem arce hostes,

    Liv. 1, 12.—
    II.
    In adding an entirely opposite thought, but, but indeed, but on the other hand, on the contrary, etc. (the strictly class. signif. of the word).
    A.
    In gen.: at differentiam rerum significat: ut cum dicimus, Scipio est bellator, at M. Cato orator, Paul. ex Fest. p. 11 Müll.: splendet saepe, ast idem nimbis interdum nigret, Att., Trag. Rel. p. 170 Rib.: So. Mentire nunc. Me. At jam faciam, ut verum dicas dicere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 189: So. Per Jovem juro med etc. Me. At ego per Mercurium juro, tibi etc., id. ib. 1, 1, 280:

    Atque oppido hercle bene velle illud visus sum, Ast non habere quoi commendarem caprum,

    id. Merc. 2, 1, 22:

    fecit idem Themistocles... at idem Pericles non fecit,

    Cic. Att. 7, 11, 3:

    non placet M. Antonio consulatus meus, at placuit P. Servilio,

    id. Phil. 2, 5, 12:

    majores nostri Tusculanos Aequos... in civitatem etiam acceperunt, at Karthaginem et Numantiam funditus sustulerunt,

    id. Off. 1, 11, 35: brevis a naturā nobis vita data est;

    at memoria bene redditae vitae sempiterna,

    id. Phil. 14, 12, 32; id. Cat. 2, 2, 3; id. Leg. 2, 18:

    crebras a nobis litteras exspecta, ast plures etiam ipse mittito,

    id. Att. 1, 16 fin.: Rejectis pilis comminus gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani phalange factā impetus gladiorum exceperunt, Caes. B. G. 1, 52:

    Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie adsentiebantur. At M. Porcius Cato hujusce modi orationem habuit,

    Sall. C. 52, 1:

    hac iter Elysium nobis, at laeva... ad impia Tartara mittit,

    Verg. A. 6, 542: T. Ante leves ergo pascentur in aethere cervi... M. At nos hinc alii sitientīs ibimus Afros, id. E. 1, 65: Dam. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella... Men. At mihi sese offert ultro meus ignis Amyntas, id. ib. 3, 66; 7, 35; 7, 55; id. G. 1, 219; 1, 242; 1, 370; 2, 151; 2, 184; 3, 331; 4, 18; 4, 180; id. A. 2, 35; 2, 687; 3, 424; 5, 264;

    6, 489: Ast ego nutrici non mando vota,

    Pers. 2, 39:

    ast illi tremat etc.,

    id. 6, 74:

    Ast vocat officium,

    id. 6, 27:

    At Jesus audiens ait,

    Vulg. Matt. 9, 12; 9, 22; 12, 3; 12, 48 et persaep.—
    a.
    In order to strengthen a contrast, sometimes (esp. in Plaut. and Ter.) with contra, e contrario, potius, etiam, vero.
    (α).
    With contra:

    Summis nitere opibus, at ego contra ut dissimilis siem,

    Lucil. 26, 19 Müll.:

    Ergo quod magnumst aeque leviusque videtur... At contra gravius etc.,

    Lucr. 1, 366; so id. 1, 570; 1, 1087; 2, 235: L. Opimius ejectus est e patriā: At contra bis Catilina absolutus est, Cic. Pis. 95; id. Verr. 5, 66; id. Sex. Rosc. 131; id. Quinct. 75:

    At tibi contra Evenit, etc.,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 27:

    (Cornutus) taedio curarum mortem in se festinavit: at contra reus nihil infracto animo, etc.,

    Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    With e contrario: apud nos mercenarii scribae existimantur;

    at apud illos e contrario nemo ad id officium admittitur, nisi, etc.,

    Nep. Eum. 1, 5:

    in locis siccis partibus sulcorum imis disponenda sunt semina, ut tamquam in alveolis maneant. At uliginosis e contrario in summo porcae dorso collocanda, etc.,

    Col. 11, 3, 44.—
    (γ).
    With potius:

    at satius fuerat eam viro dare nuptum potius,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 44:

    at potius serves nostram, tua munera, vitam,

    Ov. H. 3, 149.—
    (δ).
    With etiam: At etiam, furcifer, Male loqui mi audes? but do you even? etc., Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 31; id. Trin. 4, 2, 151; id. Rud. 3, 4, 6:

    At etiam cubat cuculus. Surge, amator, i domum,

    but he is yet abed, id. As. 5, 2, 73; so id. Capt. 2, 3, 98; id. Mil. 4, 4, 6:

    Exi foras, sceleste. At etiam restitas, Fugitive!

    Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 1; 5, 6, 10: Proinde aut exeant, aut quiescant, etc.... at etiam sunt, Quirites, qui dicant, a me in exsilium ejectum esse Catilinam, on the contrary, there are indeed people who say. etc., Cic. Cat. 2, 6, 12; id. Phil. 2, 30, 76; id. Quinct. 56; id. Verr. 5, 77; id. Dom. 70 al.—
    (ε).
    With vero, but certainly:

    At vero aut honoribus aucti aut etc.,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 87; id. Off. 2, 20, 70; 2, 23, 80; id. Fin. 1, 10, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 17 al.—
    (ζ).
    With certe:

    Numquam ego te, vitā frater amabilior, Aspiciam posthac. At certe semper amabo,

    Cat. 65, 11; 66, 25. —
    (η).
    So, quidem—at (very rare) = quidem —autem, Cic. Off. 1, 22, 75.—
    b.
    Ironically: Th. Quid valeam? Ly. At tu aegrota, si lubet, per me aetatem quidem, Plaut. Curc. 4, 3, 22:

    at, credo, mea numina tandem Fessa jacent,

    Verg. A. 7, 297; 7, 363; Ov. H. 1, 44.—
    B.
    Very freq. in adding an objection, from one's own mind or another's, against an assertion previously made, but, on the contrary, in opposition to this; sometimes, but one may say, it may be objected, and the like:

    Piscium magnam atque altilium vim interfecisti. At nego,

    Lucil. 28, 43 Müll.:

    Quid tandem te impedit? Mosne majorum? At persaepe etiam privati in hac re publicā perniciosos cives morte multārunt. An leges, quae de civium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt? At numquam in hac urbe etc.,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

    Appellandi tempus non erat? At tecum plus annum vixit. In Galliā agi non potuit? At et in provinciā jus dicebatur et etc.,

    id. Quinct. 41:

    Male judicavit populus. At judicavit. Non debuit. At potuit. Non fero. At multi clarissimi cives tulerunt,

    id. Planc. 11:

    sunt, quos signa, quos caelatum argentum delectant. At sumus, inquiunt, civitatis principes,

    id. Part. Or. 5, 2, 36; id. Fin. 4, 25, 71; id. Verr. 2, 2 fin.:

    quid porro quaerendum est? Factumne sit? At constat: A quo? At patet,

    id. Mil. 6, 15; id. Phil. 2, 9: convivium vicinorum cotidie compleo, quod ad multam noctem, quam maxime possumus, vario sermone producimus. At non est voluptatum tanta quasi titillatio in senibus. Credo: sed ne desideratio quidem, [p. 187] id. Sen. 14, 47:

    multo magnus orator praestat minutis imperatoribus. At prodest plus imperator. Quis negat?

    id. Brut. 73, 256; id. Div. 2, 29, 62; 2, 31, 67; 2, 32, 69 al.:

    Maxime Juppiter! At in se Pro quaestu sumptum facit hic,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 18 al. — In this case freq. strengthened,
    a.
    By pol, edepol, hercule: At pol ego neque florem neque flocces volo mihi, Caecil., Com. Rel. p. 67 Rib.: So. Non edepol volo profecto. Me. At pol profecto ingratiis, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 215; so id. As. 2, 2, 34; 4, 2, 14; id. Capt. 3, 4, 64; id. Cas. 2, 3, 15; id. Cist. 4, 2, 70; id. Trin. 2, 4, 73: Ha. Gaudio ero vobis. Ad. At edepol nos voluptati tibi, id. Poen. 5, 4, 61; 3, 1, 68:

    At hercule aliquot annos populus Romanus maximā parte imperii caruit,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 54; id. Sex. Rosc. 50:

    at hercle in eā controversiā, quae de Argis est, superior sum,

    Liv. 34, 31:

    At, Hercule, reliquis omnibus etc.,

    Plin. 7, 50, 51, § 169:

    At, hercules, Diodorus et in morbo etc.,

    id. 29, 6, 39, § 142:

    At hercule Germanicum Druso ortum etc.,

    Tac. A. 1, 3; 1, 17; 1, 26;

    3, 54: At, hercules, si conscius fuissem etc.,

    Curt. 6, 10, 20 al. —
    b.
    By enim, which introduces a reason for the objection implied in at, but certainly, but surely, but indeed, etc., alla gar: At enim tu nimis spisse incedis, Naev., Com. Rel. p. 16 Rib.; Turp. id. p. 93: at enim nimis hic longo sermone utimur;

    Diem conficimus,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 78:

    At enim istoc nil est magis etc.,

    Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 21:

    At enim vereor, inquit Crassus, ne haec etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 188:

    cum dixisset Sophocles, O puerum pulchrum, Pericle. At enim praetorem, Sophocle, decet non solum manus, sed etiam oculos abstinentes habere, etc.,

    id. Off. 1, 40, 144 Beier; so id. Mur. 35, 74; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52 al.:

    at enim inter hos ipsos existunt graves controversiae,

    id. Quinct. 1; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 51; 20, 60; id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; id. Ac. 2, 17, 52:

    At enim cur a me potissimum hoc praesidium petiverunt?

    id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 15:

    At enim quis reprehendet, quod in parricidas rei publicae decretum erit?

    Sall. C. 51, 25 Kritz:

    At enim quid ita solus ego circum curam ago?

    Liv. 6, 15; 34, 32:

    At enim eo foedere, quod etc.,

    id. 21, 18; 34, 31; 39, 37: At enim nova nobis in fratrum filias conjugia;

    sed etc.,

    Tac. A. 12, 6.—
    c.
    By tamen: Jam id peccatum primum magnum, magnum, at humanum tamen, Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 53: Hi secretis sermonibus... conveniunt;

    nam publice civitas talibus inceptis abhorrebat. At tamen interfuere quidam etc.,

    Tac. H. 4, 55:

    At certe tamen, inquiunt, quod etc.,

    Cat. 10, 14.—
    C.
    With a preced. negative, sometimes no antithesis is appended by at, but it is indicated that if what has been said is not true, yet at least something else is true, but yet; sometimes with tamen, but yet; or certe, but at least, yet at least:

    Nolo victumas: at minimis me extis placare volo,

    Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 95:

    Si tibi non cordi fuerant conubia nostra,... At tamen in vostras potuisti ducere sedes,

    Cat. 64, 158 sq.:

    Non cognoscebantur foris, at domi: non ab alienis, at a suis,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 11, 56:

    Liceat haec nobis, si oblivisci non possumus, at tacere,

    id. Fl. 25, 61:

    Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, At sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi,

    Verg. A. 1, 543; so id. ib. 4, 615, and 6, 406. —With certe:

    Haec erant... quorum cognitio studiosis juvenibus si non magnam utilitatem adferet, at certe, quod magis petimus, bonam voluntatem,

    Quint. 12, 11, 31; Cels. 2, 15; Suet. Calig. 12, al.—
    D.
    The antithesis is sometimes not so much in the clause appended by at, as in the persons or things introduced in it; so,
    (α).
    Esp. freq. in conditional clauses with si, si non, si minus, etiam si, etc.; cf. Herm. ad Viger. 241: Si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit; At erit mi hoc factum mortuo memorabile, if I perish here, but he does not return, yet etc., Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 26; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 131:

    si ego digna hac contumeliā Sum maxime, at tu indignus qui faceres tamen,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 25:

    Si tu oblitus es, at di meminerunt,

    Cat. 30, 11:

    si non eo die, at postridie,

    Cato, R. R. 2, 1:

    si non paulo, at aliquanto (post petīsses),

    Cic. Quinct. 40; 97; id. Mil. 93 al.:

    quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,

    id. Cat. 1, 22; id. Verr. 5, 69; id. Clu. 15: qui non possit, etiam si sine ullā suspitione, at non sine argumento male dicere, id. Cael. 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With etsi:

    ei, etsi nequāquam parem illius ingenio, at pro nostro tamen studio meritam gratiam referamus,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 4, 14; Tac. Or. 19.—
    (γ).
    With quod si:

    Quod si nihil cum potentiore juris humani relinquitur inopi, at ego ad deos confugiam,

    Liv. 9, 1; Tac. A. 1, 67.—
    E.
    At, like autem and de, sometimes serves simply to introduce an explanation: cum Sic mutilus miniteris. At illi foeda cicatrix etc., now an ugly scar etc., Hor. S. 1, 5, 60. —
    F.
    And also like de in Hom. and Hdt., it sometimes introduces an apodosis,
    a.
    With si: Bellona, si hobie nobis victoriam duis, ast ego templum tibi voveo, if to-day thou bestow victory, then I etc., ean—de, Liv. 10, 19.—
    b.
    With quoniam: Nunc, quoniam tuum insanabile ingenium est, at tu tuo supplicio doce etc., since your disposition is past cure, at least etc., epei—de, Liv. 1, 28.
    ► A.
    At is sometimes repeated at the beginning of several clauses,
    a.
    In opposition each to the preceding clause: Soph. Tu quidem haut etiam octoginta's pondo. Paegn. At confidentiā Militia illa militatur multo magis quam pondere. At ego hanc operam perdo, Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 47 sq.:

    Si ego hic peribo, ast ille, ut dixit, non redit: At erit mi hoc factum mortuo memorabile,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 25 sq.; id. As. 5, 2, 6 sqq. (Cic., in Quir. 7 and 10, opposes at to sed, and Tac., in A. 12, 6, sed to at).—
    b.
    In opposition to some common clause preceding:

    At etiam asto? At etiam cesso foribus facere hisce assulas?

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 20: Quid tum esse existimas judicatum? Certe gratīs judicāsse. At condemnārat; at causam totam non audierat;

    at in contionibus etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 113:

    Sit flagitiorum omnium princeps: at est bonus imperator, at felix,

    id. Verr. 5, 4; id. Sest. 47; id. Fragm. B. 16, 5 B. and K.: Nefarius Hippias Pisistrati filius arma contra patriam ferens;

    at Sulla, at Marius, at Cinna recte, imo jure fortasse,

    id. Att. 9, 10, 3: At non formosa est, at non bene culta puella;

    At, puto, non votis saepe petita meis?

    Ov. Am. 3, 7, 1 sq. Merk.:

    At quam sunt similes, at quam formosus uterque!

    id. F. 2, 395: rideri possit eo quod Rusticius tonso toga defluit: at est bonus ut melior vir Non alius quisquam; at tibi amicus;

    at ingenium ingens Inculto latet hoc sub corpore,

    Hor. S. 1, 3, 30 sqq. (cf. sed—

    sed,

    Cat. 64, 141; Juv. 5, 61; 8, 149; and a similar use of alla in Hellenistic Greek, as alla—alla, 2 Cor. 2, 17: alla—alla —alla, 1 Cor. 6, 11).—
    B.
    Though regularly occupying the first place in its clause or sentence, it sometimes stands second (cf. atque fin.):

    Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas,

    Verg. E. 7, 67; id. G. 3, 331:

    Tutior at quanto merx est in classe secundā,

    Hor. S. 1, 2, 47:

    Mentior at si quid, etc.,

    id. ib. 1, 8, 37:

    Gramineis ast inde toris discumbitur,

    Val. Fl. 8, 255:

    Major at inde etc.,

    Stat. Th. 4, 116.—See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 417-451; Wagner, Quaest. XXXVII. ad Verg. IV. pp. 581- 585.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > at

  • 5 O

    1.
    O, o, the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the Gr. o and ô. The Latin language possessed both the sound and the sign from the earliest times; whereas the Etruscan language never possessed the o, and the Umbrian seems not to have received it as an alphabetical character till a later period. The oldest monuments of the Latin tongue frequently employ o where the classic language has u. So on the Column. Rostr. MACESTRATOS ( acc. plur.), EXFOCIONT, CONSOL, PRIMOS ( nom. sing.), CAPTOM; in the epitaphs of the Scipios, HONC OINO, COSENTIONT, DVONORO OPTVMO VIRO (bonorum optumum virum); in the S. C. de Bacch. IN OQVOLTOD al. And even in the later inscrr. and MSS., we sometimes find o for u:

    POPLICO, POPOLVM, TABOLEIS, in the Tab. Bantina: FACIONDAM DEDERONT,

    Inscr. Orell. 1585:

    MONDO, HOC TOMOLO,

    ib. 4858:

    fondus, fornacatibus, solitodo, etc., in good MSS. (v. Freund,

    Cic. Mil. p. 18). And, on the contrary, u for o in the old forms, fruns, funtes, for frons, fontes, v. h. vv.: RVBVSTIS for robustis, in the Cenot. Pisan.; v. Inscr. Orell. 642:

    NVMENCLATOR,

    Inscr. Grut. 630, 5:

    CONSVBRINVS,

    ib. 1107, 1:

    SACERDVS,

    ib. 34, 5:

    VNV LOCV,

    ib. 840, 1. O appears in class. Lat. particularly in connection with qu and v: quom, avos. This interchange of o and u seems to have been effected rather by dialectical and local than by organic and historical causes; just as in the modern Italian dialects a preference is shown on the one hand for o and on the other for u, and in one and the same dialect the Latin o has passed over into u and the u into o. —On the commutation of o and e, see the letter E.—We have o for au in Clodius, plodo, plostrum, sodes, etc. (also in polulum for paululum, Cato, R. R. 10, 2).— O inserted in the archaic forms:

    Patricoles, Hercoles, v. Ritschl ap. Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq., and 9, p. 480. As an abbreviation, O. stands for omnis and optimus: I. O. M., Jovi Optimo Maximo: O. E. B. Q. C., ossa ejus bene quiescant condita,

    Inscr. Orell. 4489; cf.:

    O. I. B. Q., ossa illius bene quiescant,

    ib. 4483; 4490:

    O. N. F., omnium nomine faciundae,

    ib. 4415:

    O. T. B. Q., ossa tua bene quiescant: O. V., optimo viro,

    ib. 4135;

    also: optimi viri,

    ib. 5037.
    2.
    ō (long also before an initial vowel:

    o ego,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; Hor. A. P. 301;

    but also short: ŏ Alexi,

    Verg. E. 2, 65), interj. The commonest exclamation of joy, astonishment, [p. 1232] desire, grief, indignation, etc.; O! Oh! constr. usually with voc. or acc.; less freq. with nom., gen., utinam, si.
    1.
    With voc.: o Romule, Romule die, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 Vahl. (Ann. v. 115 Vahl.): o Tite, tute Tuti, id. ap. Prisc. p. 947 P. (Ann. v. 113 Vahl.); cf.: o Tite, si quid te adjuero, id. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 339 Vahl.):

    o mi Furni!

    Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2:

    o paterni generis oblite,

    id. Pis. 26, 62.—
    2.
    With acc.:

    o faciem pulchram... o infortunatum senem,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 5 and 7:

    o miseras hominum mentes,

    Lucr. 2, 14:

    o me perditum, o me afflictum!

    Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 3:

    o hominem nequam!

    id. Att. 4, 13, 2:

    o praeclarum custodem ovium, ut aiunt, lupum!

    id. Phil. 3, 11, 27:

    o rem totam odiosam,

    id. Att. 6, 4, 1:

    o Bruti amanter seriptas, litteras,

    id. ib. 15, 10.—
    3.
    With nom. (rare): o pietas animi, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 88 (Ann. v. 8 Vahl.): o Patricoles, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 14 Vahl.):

    o vir fortis atque amicus!

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 10:

    o ego ter felix,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; so,

    o ego,

    Hor. A. P. 301:

    o multum miseri,

    Ov. M. 4, 155:

    o qualis facies!

    Juv. 10, 157.—
    4.
    With utinam:

    o utinam Obrutus esset!

    Ov. H. 1, 5; id. M. 1, 363 al.—
    5.
    With si: quamquam, o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! yet oh! if, etc., Verg. A. 11, 415.—
    6.
    With gen.:

    o nuntii beati,

    Cat. 9, 5.—By poets also placed after a word:

    o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrūm,

    Verg. A. 2, 281:

    quid o tua fulmina cessant!

    Ov. M. 2, 279.—Three times repeated: o pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 (Ann. v. 117 Vahl.); cf.: o pater, o patria, o Priami domus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 118 Vahl.):

    o soror, o conjux, o femina sola superstes,

    Ov. M. 1, 351.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > O

  • 6 o

    1.
    O, o, the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the Gr. o and ô. The Latin language possessed both the sound and the sign from the earliest times; whereas the Etruscan language never possessed the o, and the Umbrian seems not to have received it as an alphabetical character till a later period. The oldest monuments of the Latin tongue frequently employ o where the classic language has u. So on the Column. Rostr. MACESTRATOS ( acc. plur.), EXFOCIONT, CONSOL, PRIMOS ( nom. sing.), CAPTOM; in the epitaphs of the Scipios, HONC OINO, COSENTIONT, DVONORO OPTVMO VIRO (bonorum optumum virum); in the S. C. de Bacch. IN OQVOLTOD al. And even in the later inscrr. and MSS., we sometimes find o for u:

    POPLICO, POPOLVM, TABOLEIS, in the Tab. Bantina: FACIONDAM DEDERONT,

    Inscr. Orell. 1585:

    MONDO, HOC TOMOLO,

    ib. 4858:

    fondus, fornacatibus, solitodo, etc., in good MSS. (v. Freund,

    Cic. Mil. p. 18). And, on the contrary, u for o in the old forms, fruns, funtes, for frons, fontes, v. h. vv.: RVBVSTIS for robustis, in the Cenot. Pisan.; v. Inscr. Orell. 642:

    NVMENCLATOR,

    Inscr. Grut. 630, 5:

    CONSVBRINVS,

    ib. 1107, 1:

    SACERDVS,

    ib. 34, 5:

    VNV LOCV,

    ib. 840, 1. O appears in class. Lat. particularly in connection with qu and v: quom, avos. This interchange of o and u seems to have been effected rather by dialectical and local than by organic and historical causes; just as in the modern Italian dialects a preference is shown on the one hand for o and on the other for u, and in one and the same dialect the Latin o has passed over into u and the u into o. —On the commutation of o and e, see the letter E.—We have o for au in Clodius, plodo, plostrum, sodes, etc. (also in polulum for paululum, Cato, R. R. 10, 2).— O inserted in the archaic forms:

    Patricoles, Hercoles, v. Ritschl ap. Rhein. Mus. 8, p. 475 sq., and 9, p. 480. As an abbreviation, O. stands for omnis and optimus: I. O. M., Jovi Optimo Maximo: O. E. B. Q. C., ossa ejus bene quiescant condita,

    Inscr. Orell. 4489; cf.:

    O. I. B. Q., ossa illius bene quiescant,

    ib. 4483; 4490:

    O. N. F., omnium nomine faciundae,

    ib. 4415:

    O. T. B. Q., ossa tua bene quiescant: O. V., optimo viro,

    ib. 4135;

    also: optimi viri,

    ib. 5037.
    2.
    ō (long also before an initial vowel:

    o ego,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; Hor. A. P. 301;

    but also short: ŏ Alexi,

    Verg. E. 2, 65), interj. The commonest exclamation of joy, astonishment, [p. 1232] desire, grief, indignation, etc.; O! Oh! constr. usually with voc. or acc.; less freq. with nom., gen., utinam, si.
    1.
    With voc.: o Romule, Romule die, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 Vahl. (Ann. v. 115 Vahl.): o Tite, tute Tuti, id. ap. Prisc. p. 947 P. (Ann. v. 113 Vahl.); cf.: o Tite, si quid te adjuero, id. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 339 Vahl.):

    o mi Furni!

    Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2:

    o paterni generis oblite,

    id. Pis. 26, 62.—
    2.
    With acc.:

    o faciem pulchram... o infortunatum senem,

    Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 5 and 7:

    o miseras hominum mentes,

    Lucr. 2, 14:

    o me perditum, o me afflictum!

    Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 3:

    o hominem nequam!

    id. Att. 4, 13, 2:

    o praeclarum custodem ovium, ut aiunt, lupum!

    id. Phil. 3, 11, 27:

    o rem totam odiosam,

    id. Att. 6, 4, 1:

    o Bruti amanter seriptas, litteras,

    id. ib. 15, 10.—
    3.
    With nom. (rare): o pietas animi, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 27, 88 (Ann. v. 8 Vahl.): o Patricoles, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 14 Vahl.):

    o vir fortis atque amicus!

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 10:

    o ego ter felix,

    Ov. M. 8, 51; so,

    o ego,

    Hor. A. P. 301:

    o multum miseri,

    Ov. M. 4, 155:

    o qualis facies!

    Juv. 10, 157.—
    4.
    With utinam:

    o utinam Obrutus esset!

    Ov. H. 1, 5; id. M. 1, 363 al.—
    5.
    With si: quamquam, o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset! yet oh! if, etc., Verg. A. 11, 415.—
    6.
    With gen.:

    o nuntii beati,

    Cat. 9, 5.—By poets also placed after a word:

    o lux Dardaniae, spes o fidissima Teucrūm,

    Verg. A. 2, 281:

    quid o tua fulmina cessant!

    Ov. M. 2, 279.—Three times repeated: o pater, o genitor, o sanguen dis oriundum, Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41 (Ann. v. 117 Vahl.); cf.: o pater, o patria, o Priami domus, id. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 19, 44 (Trag. v. 118 Vahl.):

    o soror, o conjux, o femina sola superstes,

    Ov. M. 1, 351.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > o

  • 7 tergum

    tergum, i ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose also tergus, ŏris), n. ( masc.:

    familiarem tergum,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 53; cf. Non. 227, 23) [cf. Gr. trachêlos, neck; perh. root trechô, to run], the back of men or beasts (syn. dor sum).
    I.
    Lit.
    (α).
    Form tergum:

    dabitur pol supplicium mihi de tergo vestre,

    Plaut. As. 2, 4, 75:

    vae illis virgis miseris quae hodie in tergo morientur meo,

    id. Capt 3, 4, 117: manibus ad tergum rejectis, Asin ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 32, 3:

    boum terga,

    id. N D. 2, 63, 159; cf. tergo poenae pendere Ter. Heaut. 4, 4, 6:

    tergo ac capite puniri, Liv 3, 55, 14.—Of cranes eaeque in tergo praevolantium Colla reponunt,

    Cic. N. D. 2 49, 125. —

    Of the dolphin, Ov F 2, 113.— Of the crocodile: ejus terga cataphracta,

    Amm. 22, 15, 16.—
    (β).
    Form tergus aurea quam molli tergore vexit ovis, Prop. 2, 26 (3, 21), 6:

    ut equa facilem sui tergoris ascensum praebeat,

    Col. 6, 37, 10.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A. 1.
    Esp. in the phrases terga vertere or dare, to turn the back, pregn., for to take to flight, to flee: omnes hostes terga verterunt;

    neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 53; so,

    terga vertere,

    id. ib. 3, 19; 3, 21; id. B. C. 3, 63;

    and even of a single person: terga vertit,

    Sen. Ep. 22, 7:

    qui plures simul terga dederant, etc., Liv 22, 29, 5: terga dare,

    id. 36, 38, 4:

    inter duas acies Etrusci, cum in vicem his atque illis terga darent,

    id. 2, 51, 9; Ov. M. 13, 224:

    terga fugae praebere,

    id. ib. 10, 706:

    terga praestare (fugae),

    Tac. Agr 37; Juv. 15, 75. — Trop. jam felicior aetas Terga dedit, tremuloque gradu venit aegra senectus, Ov M. 14, 143.—
    2.
    In gen.:

    inflexo mox dare terga genu,

    i. e. yield to the burden, Prop. 3, 9 (4, 8), 6: praebere Phoebo [p. 1859] terga, to sun itself, Ov. M. 4, 715:

    concurrit ex insidiis versisque in Lucretium Etruscis terga caedit,

    the rear, Liv. 2, 11, 9; Flor. 4, 12, 7:

    terga Parthorum dicam,

    the flight, Ov. A. A. 1, 209:

    terga collis,

    Liv. 25, 15, 12; cf.:

    terga vincentium,

    Tac. Agr. 37:

    summi plena jam margine libri Scriptus et in tergo necdum finitus Orestes,

    written on the back, Juv. 1, 6:

    retro atque a tergo,

    behind one, Cic. Div. 1, 24, 49; cf.:

    a tergo, a fronte, a lateribus tenebitur,

    id. Phil. 3, 13, 32:

    ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur,

    behind, id. Mil. 10, 29; 21, 56; id. Verr 2, 5, 38, § 98:

    tumultum hostilem a tergo accepit,

    Sall. J. 58, 4; Caes. B. G 7, 87; Curt. 3, 1, 19; 3, 8, 27; 8, 5, 1:

    post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 62:

    ne nostros post tergum adorirentur,

    id. B. C. 3, 44:

    Germani post tergum clamore audito,

    id. B. G. 4, 15:

    post tergum hostem relinquere,

    id. ib. 4, 22:

    qui jam post terga reliquit Sexaginta annos,

    has left behind him, has passed, Juv. 13, 16:

    omnia jam diutino bello exhausta post tergum sunt,

    Curt. 4, 14, 11:

    omnia, quae post tergum erant, strata,

    id. 3, 10, 7:

    tot amnibus montibusque post tergum objectis,

    id. 4, 13, 7.—
    B.
    The back of any thing spread out horizontally, as land or water, i. e. the surface ( poet.):

    proscisso quae suscitat aequore terga,

    Verg. G. 1, 97:

    crassa,

    id. ib. 2, 236:

    amnis,

    Ov. P. 1, 2, 82; Claud. B. G. 338; Luc. 5, 564; 9, 341.—
    C.
    (Pars pro toto.) The body of an animal ( poet.).
    (α).
    Form tergum:

    (serpens) Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga,

    Verg. G. 3, 426;

    so of a serpent,

    id. A. 2, 208; Petr 89;

    of Cerberus,

    Verg. A. 6, 422:

    horrentia centum Terga suum,

    i. e. a hundred head of swine, id. ib. 1, 635:

    nigrantis terga juvencos,

    id. ib. 6, 243:

    perpetui tergo bovis,

    id. ib. 8, 183.—
    (β).
    Form tergus:

    resecat de tergore (suis) partem,

    of a chine of bacon, Ov. M. 8, 649:

    diviso tergore (juvenci),

    Phaedr. 2, 1, 11:

    squalenti tergore serpens,

    Sil. 3, 209.—
    D.
    The covering of the back, the skin, hide, leather, etc. (in this signif. tergus freq. occurs; syn.: pellis, corium).
    (α).
    Form tergum:

    taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo,

    ox-hide, Verg. A. 1, 368:

    ferre novae nares taurorum terga recusant,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 655.—
    (β).
    Form tergus:

    tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant,

    Verg. A. 1, 211; so Cels. 7, 25, 1; 8, 1 med.:

    durissimum dorso tergus,

    Plin. 8, 10, 10, § 30; cf. id. 9, 35, 53, § 105; Col. 7, 4 fin. —
    2.
    Transf., a thing made of hide or leather.
    (α).
    Form tergum: venti bovis inclusi tergo, i. e. in a bag made of a bull ' s hide, Ov. M. 14, 225; 15, 305:

    et feriunt molles taurea terga manus,

    i. e. tymbals, id. F. 4, 342; so id. ib. 4, 212:

    Idae terga,

    Stat. Th. 8, 221:

    pulsant terga,

    id. Achill. 2, 154: rupit Terga novena boum, i. e. the nine thicknesses of bull ' s hide, Ov. M. 12, 97:

    tergum Sulmonis,

    Verg. A. 9, 412; 10, 482; 10, 718;

    hence even: per linea terga (scuti),

    id. ib. 10, 784 (v. the passage in connection):

    duroque intendere bracchia tergo, i. e. cestus,

    id. ib. 5, 403; so id. ib. 5, 419.—
    (β).
    Form tergus:

    gestasset laevā taurorum tergora septem,

    a shield covered with seven layers of hide, Ov. M. 13, 347:

    Martis tergus Geticum,

    Mart. 7, 2, 2.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tergum

  • 8 tergum

        tergum ī, n    [TRAG-], the back: manibus ad tergum reiectis: tergo poenas pendere, T.: tergo ac capite puniri, L.: recurvum (of the dolphin), O.— The back part, reverse, hinder part, rear: Praebere Phoebo terga, to sun itself, O.: Terga Parthorum dicam, the flight, O.: terga vincentium, Ta.: libri in tergo necdum finitus Orestes, written on the back, Iu.—In phrase, a tergo or post tergum, behind, in the rear: a tergo, fronte, lateribus tenebitur: ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur, behind: tumultum hostilem a tergo accepit, S.: post tergum hostium legionem ostenderunt, Cs.: qui iam post terga reliquit Sexaginta annos, has passed, Iu.: tot amnibus montibusque post tergum obiectis, Cu.—With verto or do, to turn the back, turn back, take flight, run away, flee, retreat: omnes hostes terga verterunt, Cs.: qui plures simul terga dederant, etc., L.: terga fugae praebere, O.: terga praestare (fugae), Ta.— The back, surface: proscisso quae suscitat aequore terga, V.: amnis, O. —Of an animal, the body: (serpens) Squamea convolvens sublato pectore terga, V.: horrentia centum Terga suum, i. e. head of swine, V.: perpetuo tergo bovis, V.— The covering of the back, skin, hide, leather: Taurino quantum possent circumdare tergo, ox-hide, V.: venti bovis inclusi tergo, i. e. in a bag of bull's hide, O.: Et feriunt molles taurea terga manūs, i. e. tymbals, O.: rupit Terga novena boum, i. e. the nine thicknesses of bull's hide, O.: per linea terga (scuti), V.
    * * *
    back, rear; reverse/far side; outer covering/surface

    Latin-English dictionary > tergum

  • 9 araneans

    ărānĕans, antis, Part. [as if from araneo, āre], containing spiders' webs:

    fauces,

    i. e. through which no food has passed for a long time, App. M. 4, p. 152, 34.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > araneans

  • 10 effugio

    ef-fŭgĭo, fūgi ( inf. pass. effugiri, Pseud. Syr. Sent. 815 Rib.), 3, v. n. and a. (class. and freq., esp. in the active sense).
    I.
    Neutr., to flee away; or, with reference to the result, to escape:

    effugias ex urbe inanis,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 75; so,

    ex urbe,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 196:

    e proelio,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 29:

    e manibus,

    id. de Imp. Pomp. 9 al.; cf.

    transf.: ex sitella (sors),

    Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 44:

    a vita marituma,

    id. Bacch. 2, 3, 108:

    a quibus,

    Cic. Sest. 54 fin.:

    patriă,

    Plaut. Merc. 3, 4, 75:

    foras,

    id. Most. 1, 4, 3; cf. id. Curc. 5, 1, 8; Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 3:

    ad regem,

    Curt. 4, 15.— Absol.:

    pisces ne effugiant, cavet,

    Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 16; Caes. B. G. 5, 58, 4; Cic. Att. 1, 16, 2; Verg. E. 3, 49 et saep.; cf.:

    via Nolam ferente,

    Liv. 8, 26.—With ne: parum effugerat ne dignus crederetur (= aegre impediebat, quin, etc.; Greek par oligon exephugen, etc.), Tac. H. 3, 39 fin.:

    propinque clade urbis ipsi, ne quid simile paterentur, effugerunt,

    Liv. 36, 25, 8.—
    II.
    Act.
    A.
    Of personal subjects: aliquid, to flee from, escape, avoid, shun (cf.:

    vito, caveo, fugio): ita vix poteris effugere infortunium,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 295:

    pauca (with subterfugere),

    id. Capt. 5, 2, 18:

    malam rem,

    id. As. 2, 4, 9:

    impias propinquorum manus,

    Cic. Rep. 6, 12:

    dolores,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 4, 4:

    mortem,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 30, 2:

    periculum celeritate,

    id. ib. 4, 35, 1; cf. id. B. C. 2, 41, 6:

    equitatum Caesaris,

    id. ib. 1, 65, 4:

    haec vincula,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 71 et saep.; cf.:

    haec morte effugiuntur,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 36:

    ea aetas tua, quae cupiditates adolescentiae jam effugerit,

    i. e. has passed beyond them, Tac. H. 1, 15:

    effugere cupiditatem regnum est vincere,

    Pub. Syr. 154 (Rib.).—Rarely with a rel. clause: numquam hodie effugies, quin mea moriaris manu, Naev. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Trag. Rel. ed. Rib. p. 8).—Of inanimate subjects: res (me) effugit, it escapes me, I do not observe it:

    ubi eum locum omnem cogitatione sepseris, nihil te effugiet,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 34 fin.:

    nullius rei cura Romanos,

    Liv. 22, 33:

    neque hoc parentes Effugerit spectaculum,

    Hor. Epod. 5, 102:

    somniculosum plurima effugiunt,

    Col. 11, 1, 13 et saep.:

    petitiones corpore effugi,

    i. e. narrowly, barely, Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15.— Rarely with a subject-clause:

    custodis curam non effugiat observare desilientem matricem,

    Col. 8, 11, 12.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > effugio

  • 11 exigo

    ex-ĭgo, ēgi, actum, 3, v. a. [ago], to drive out or forth, to thrust out, to take or turn out.
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    In gen.:

    reges ex civitate,

    to expel, Cic. de Or. 2, 48, 199:

    hostem e campo,

    Liv. 3, 61, 8: exigor patria, Naev. ap. Non. 291, 4:

    aliquem domo,

    Liv. 39, 11, 2:

    aliquem campo,

    id. 37, 41, 12:

    omnes foras,

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 1, 7:

    adcolas ultra famam,

    Plin. 2, 68, 68, § 175:

    exacti reges,

    driven away, Cic. de Or. 1, 9, 37; cf.:

    Tarquinio exacto,

    id. Rep. 1, 40:

    anno post Tarquinios exactos,

    Tac. A. 11, 22:

    Orestes exactus furiis,

    driven, tormented, Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 70:

    virum a se,

    Plaut. Mil. 4, 6, 62:

    uxorem,

    to put away, divorce, Ter. Hec. 2, 1, 45; Suet. Caes. 50; id. Claud. 26; cf.: illam suam (uxorem) suas res sibi habere jussit ex duodecim tabulis; claves ademit;

    exegit,

    turned her out of the house, Cic. Phil. 2, 28, 69: aliquem vitā, i. e. to kill, Sen. de Ira, 1, 6: corpus e stratis, to raise up or out, Sil. 16, 234:

    maculam,

    to take out, Suet. Aug. 94: et sacer admissas exigit Hebrus aquas, pours out into the sea, Ov. H. 2, 114; of weapons, to thrust from one, thrust, drive:

    non circumspectis exactum viribus ensem Fregit,

    thrust, impelled, Ov. M. 5, 171; so,

    ensem,

    Luc. 8, 656; cf.:

    ensem per medium juvenem,

    plunges through the middle, Verg. A. 10, 815:

    gladium per viscera,

    Flor. 4, 2, 68:

    tela in aliquem,

    Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 16;

    hence: aliquem hastā,

    i. e. to thrust through, transfix, Val. Fl. 6, 572.—Mid.:

    quae (hasta) cervice exacta est,

    passed out, passed through, Ov. M. 5, 138: prope sub conatu adversarii manus exigenda, to be put forth, raised (for a blow), Quint. 6, 4, 8 Spald.:

    (capellas) a grege in campos, hircos in caprilia,

    to drive out, Varr. R. R. 2, 3, 8:

    sues pastum,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 6:

    radices altius,

    to send out, Cels. 5, 28, 14; cf.:

    vitis uvas,

    Col. 3, 2, 10; 3, 6, 2; Cels. 8, 1 med. —
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    A scenic t. t., to drive off, i. e. hiss off a piece or a player from the stage (rare):

    spectandae (fabulae) an exigendae sint vobis prius,

    Ter. And. prol. 27 Ruhnk.; so, fabulas, id. Hec. prol. alt. 4; id. ib. 7.—
    2.
    To demand, require, enforce, exact payment of a debt, taxes, etc., or the performance of any other duty (very freq.;

    syn.: posco, postulo, flagito, contendo, etc.): ad eas pecunias exigendas legatos misimus,

    Cic. Fam. 13, 11, 1: pecunias a civitatibus, id. Div. ap. Caecil. 10, 33:

    acerbissime pecunias imperatas,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 32; cf. id. ib. 1, 6 fin.; Cic. Pis. 16, 38; id. N. D. 3, 34, 84:

    quaternos denarios,

    id. Font. 5, 9:

    tributa,

    id. Fam. 3, 7, 3:

    pensionem,

    id. ib. 6, 18, 5:

    nomina sua,

    id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, § 28:

    mercedem,

    id. Lael. 21, 80 et saep.:

    equitum peditumque certum numerum a civitatibus Siciliae,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 30, 4:

    obsides ab Apolloniatibus,

    id. ib. 3, 12, 1:

    viam,

    to demand the construction of a road, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 59, § 154; Liv. 42, 3, 7:

    a quoquam ne pejeret,

    Juv. 13, 36.—Esp.: rationem, to exact an account:

    ut Athenienses rationibus exigendis non vacarent,

    Val. Max. 3, 1, ext. 1; Plin. Ep. 10, 81, 1:

    libertorum nomina a quibus ratio exigi posset,

    Suet. Aug. 101 fin. —
    (β).
    In pass.: exigor aliquid, to be solicited, dunned for money, etc. (post-class.): exigor portorium, id est, exigitur de me portorium, Caecil. ap. Gell. 15, 14, 5; id. ap. Non. 106, 24: (Rib. Com. Fragm. p. 51): sese pecunias maximas exactos esse, Q. Metell. Numid. ap. Gell. 15, 14, 2; Dig. 23, 4, 32.—
    3.
    To examine, inquire into (post-Aug.):

    nec illae (conjuges) numerare aut exigere plagas pavent,

    Tac. G. 7 fin. (so Ritter, Halm, with all MSS., cf. Holzmann ad loc.; al. exugere, said to have been the read. of a lost codex, the Arundelianus; cf. exsugo); cf.:

    exactum et a Titidio Labeone, cur omisisset, etc.,

    id. A. 2, 85.—
    4.
    Of places, to go or pass beyond, to pass by, leave behind ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    cum primus equis exegit anhelis Phoebus Athon,

    Val. Fl. 2, 75; cf. Prop. 3, 20, 11 (4, 20, 3 M.):

    Troglodytae hibernum mare exigunt circa brumam,

    Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 87.—
    5.
    In mercant. lang., to dispose of, sell:

    agrorum exigere fructus,

    Liv. 34, 9, 9 Drak.: mercibus exactis, Col. poët. 10, 317. —
    6.
    Mathemat. t. t., to apply to a standard or measure, i. e. to examine, try, measure, weigh by any thing:

    ad perpendiculum columnas,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 51, § 133:

    materiam ad regulam et libellam,

    Plin. 36, 25, 63, § 188:

    pondus margaritarum sua manu,

    Suet. Caes. 47; cf.:

    aliquid mensura,

    Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 159.
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    In gen., to drive out, expel (very rare):

    locus, Ubi labore lassitudo exigunda ex corpore,

    Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 4: frigus atque horrorem vestimentis, Lucil. ap. Non. 291, 8.—Far more freq. and class.,
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    (Acc. to I. B. 2.) To require, demand, claim any thing due:

    ego vero et exspectabo ea quae polliceris, neque exigam, nisi tuo commodo,

    Cic. Brut. 4, 17:

    aliquid exigere magis quam rogare,

    id. Fam. 2, 6, 1:

    longiores litteras exspectabo vel potius exigam,

    id. ib. 15, 16, 1:

    omnibus ex rebus voluptatem quasi mercedem,

    id. Fin. 2, 22, 73:

    ab hoc acerbius exegit natura quod dederat,

    demanded back, reclaimed, id. Tusc. 1, 39, 93 Klotz.:

    non ut a poëta, sed ut a teste veritatem exigunt,

    id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:

    has toties optata exegit gloria poenas,

    has cost, Juv. 10, 187:

    poenas,

    to take vengeance, id. 10, 84:

    de vulnere poenas,

    Ov. M. 14, 478: poenam (alicui), Sen. de Ira, 2, 22 fin.; Ov. F. 4, 230:

    gravia piacula ab aliquo,

    Liv. 29, 18, 18 et saep.—With ut:

    exigerem ex te cogeremque, ut responderes,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 35, 119; 4, 28, 80; cf.:

    Calypso exigit fata ducis,

    questions, inquires into, Ov. A. A. 2, 130:

    exactum a marito, cur, etc.,

    Tac. A. 2, 85:

    exigite ut mores seu pollice ducat,

    Juv. 7, 237 sq. —With an object-clause:

    exigimus potuisse eum eo tempore testamentum facere,

    Dig. 29, 7, 8; 24, 3, 2.— Absol.:

    in exigendo non acerbum,

    Cic. Off. 2, 18, 64:

    cum res exiget,

    Quint. 5, 11, 5; 10, 3, 3; cf.:

    ut res exiget,

    id. 12, 10, 69:

    si communis utilitas exegerit,

    id. 12, 1, 37.— Esp.: rationem, to require an account:

    rerum gestarum,

    Just. 19, 2, 6:

    numquid rationem exiges, cum tibi aliquis hos dixerit versus?

    an explanation, Sen. Ep. 94, 28; Plin. Ep. 19, 9.—
    2.
    Of time, life, etc., to lead, spend, pass, complete, finish:

    non novisse quicum aetatem exegerim,

    Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 111; id. Capt. 3, 5, 62:

    tecum aetatem,

    id. Mil. 4, 2, 48; 4, 6, 60; id. Cas. 2, 5, 12:

    ut te dignam mala malam aetatem exigas,

    id. Aul. 1, 1, 4: vitam taetre, Cat. Or. inc. 15; Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 39:

    cum maerore graviorem vitam,

    Sall. J. 14, 15; 85, 49; Plin. 7, 44, 45, § 139; Vitr. 2, 1, 4; Val. Max. 3, 5, 4 al.:

    vitae tempus,

    Sen. Ep. 2, 2; Val. Max. 3, 3, ext. 6:

    jam ad pariendum temporibus exactis,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 48: qui exacta aetate moriuntur, at the close of the vigorous period of life, Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Verr. 2, 5, 8, § 21; Sall. J. 6, 2; Liv. 2, 40, 11 al.:

    mediam dies exegerat horam,

    Ov. Am. 1, 5, 1:

    aevum,

    Lucr. 4, 1235; Verg. A. 7, 777; Ov. M. 12, 209:

    tristissimam noctem,

    Petr. 115:

    diem supremum noctemque,

    Tac. A. 3, 16:

    ullum tempus jucundius,

    Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 1:

    jam aestatem exactam esse,

    Sall. J. 61, 1:

    per exactos annos,

    at the end of every year, Hor. C. 3, 22, 6:

    exacto per scelera die,

    Tac. H. 1, 47; id. A. 3, 16; so,

    exacto quadriennio,

    Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 130; Verg. G. 3, 190; Stat. S. 2, 2, 47.—
    3.
    To conduct, urge forward, superintend, drive:

    opus,

    Ov. M. 14, 218; Col. 3, 13, 11.—
    4.
    To bring to an end, to conclude, finish, complete a thing ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    exegi monumentum aere perennius,

    Hor. C. 3, 30, 1:

    opus,

    Ov. R. Am. 811; id. M. 15, 871:

    exactus tenui pumice versus eat,

    Prop. 3, 1, 8; Verg. A. 6, 637:

    commentarii ita sunt exacti, ut, etc.,

    Quint. 10, 7, 30:

    eandem gracilitatem stilo exigere condiscant,

    to reach, attain to, id. 1, 9, 2.—
    5.
    To determine, ascertain, find out:

    sociisque exacta referre,

    his discoveries, Verg. A. 1, 309:

    non prius exacta tenui ratione saporum,

    before he has ascertained, Hor. S. 2, 4, 36.— Pass. impers.:

    non tamen exactum, quid agat,

    Ov. F. 3, 637; cf. id. Am, 3, 7, 16. —
    6.
    (Acc. to I. B. 3.) To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider, = examinare, ponderare (class. but perh. not in Cic.): si ad illam summam veritatem legitimum jus exegeris, etc., Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 1; cf.: nolite ad vestras leges atque instituta exigere ea, quae Lacedaemone fiunt, to estimate by the standard of, etc., Liv. 34, 31, 17; so,

    opus ad vires suas,

    Ov. A. A. 2, 502:

    si omnia argumenta ad obrussam coeperimus exigere,

    Sen. Q. N. 4, 5, 1; cf.:

    principatus tuus ad obrussam exigitur,

    id. de Clem. 1, 1, 6:

    se ad aliquem,

    id. Ep. 11 fin.:

    regulam emendate loquendi,

    Quint. 1, 5, 2:

    illa non nisi aure exiguntur, quae fiunt per sonos,

    are judged of, id. 1, 5, 19; cf. id. 1, 4, 7.—
    7.
    To treat, consult, deliberate respecting something, = considerare, deliberare (class. but not in Cic.): de his rebus ut exigeret cum eo, Furnio mandavi, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 7:

    cum aliquo,

    Plin. Ep. 6, 12, 3; cf.:

    secum aliquid,

    Verg. A. 4, 476; Ov. M. 10, 587; Sen. Ep. 27:

    de aliqua re coram,

    Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 13:

    haec exigentes hostes oppressere,

    Liv. 22, 49, 12:

    quid dicendum, quid tacendum, quid differendum sit, exigere consilii est,

    Quint. 6, 5, 5.—
    8.
    To endure, undergo:

    aerumnam,

    Plaut. Capt. 5, 4, 12. —Hence, exactus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to I. B. 5., measured; hence), precise, accurate, exact (poet and in post-Aug. prose):

    difficile est, quot ceciderint, exacto affirmare numero,

    Liv. 3, 5, 12:

    acies falcis,

    Plin. 17, 27, 42, § 251:

    fides,

    Ov. Pont. 4, 9, 46.— Comp.:

    cura,

    Suet. Tib. 18; Mart. 4, 87, 4. — Sup.:

    diligentia,

    Front. Aquaed. 89:

    vir,

    Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 5.—With gen.:

    Mamurius, morum fabraene exactior artis, Difficile est dicere,

    Ov. F. 3, 383.— Adv.: exacte, exactly, precisely, accurately:

    ut exacte perorantibus mos est,

    Sid. Ep. 7, 9.— Comp.: dicere, disserere, Mel. Prooem. § 2; Gell. 1, 3, 21.— Sup.:

    pascere,

    Sid. Ep. 5, 11.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > exigo

  • 12 ad

    ad, prep. with acc. (from the fourth century after Christ written also at; Etrusc. suf. -a; Osc. az; Umbr. and Old Lat. ar, as [p. 27] in Eug. Tab., in S. C. de Bacch., as arveho for adveho; arfuerunt, arfuisse, for adfuerunt, etc.; arbiter for adbiter; so, ar me advenias, Plant. Truc. 2, 2, 17; cf. Prisc. 559 P.; Vel. Long. 2232 P.; Fabretti, Glos. Ital. col. 5) [cf. Sanscr. adhi; Goth. and Eng. at; Celt. pref. ar, as armor, i.e. ad mare; Rom. a].
    I.
    As antith. to ab (as in to ex), in a progressive order of relation, ad denotes, first, the direction toward an object; then the reaching of or attaining to it; and finally, the being at or near it.
    A.
    In space.
    1.
    Direction toward, to, toward, and first,
    a.
    Horizontally:

    fugere ad puppim colles campique videntur,

    the hills and fields appear to fly toward the ship, Lucr. 4, 390: meridie umbrae cadunt ad septentrionem, ortu vero ad occasum, to or toward the north and west, Plin. 2, 13, and so often of the geog. position of a place in reference to the points of compass, with the verbs jacere, vergere, spectare, etc.:

    Asia jacet ad meridiem et austrum, Europa ad septentriones et aquiionem,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Mull.;

    and in Plin. very freq.: Creta ad austrum... ad septentrionem versa, 4, 20: ad Atticam vergente, 4, 21 al.—Also trop.: animus alius ad alia vitia propensior,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 37, 81.—
    b.
    In a direction upwards (esp. in the poets, very freq.): manusque sursum ad caelum sustulit, Naev. ap. Non. 116, 30 (B. Pun. p. 13, ed. Vahl.): manus ad caeli templa tendebam lacrimans, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 50 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

    duplices tendens ad sidera palmas,

    Verg. A. 1, 93: molem ex profundo saxeam ad caelum vomit, Att. ap. Prisc. 1325 P.: clamor ad caelum volvendus, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 104 Mull. (Ann. v. 520 ed. Vahl.) (cf. with this: tollitur in caelum clamor, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, or Ann. v. 422):

    ad caelumque ferat flammai fulgura rursum, of Aetna,

    Lucr. 1, 725; cf. id. 2, 191; 2, 325: sidera sola micant;

    ad quae sua bracchia tendens, etc.,

    Ov. M. 7, 188:

    altitudo pertingit ad caelum,

    Vulg. Dan. 4, 17.—
    c.
    Also in the direction downwards (for the usu. in):

    tardiore semper ad terras omnium quae geruntur in caelo effectu cadente quam visu,

    Plin. 2, 97, 99, § 216.
    2.
    The point or goal at which any thing arrives.
    a.
    Without reference to the space traversed in passing, to, toward (the most common use of this prep.): cum stupro redire ad suos popularis, Naev. ap. Fest. p. 317 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 14 ed. Vahl.):

    ut ex tam alto dignitatis gradu ad superos videatur potius quam ad inferos pervenisse,

    Cic. Lael. 3, 12: ad terras decidat aether, Lucan. 2, 58. —Hence,
    (α).
    With verbs which designate going, coming, moving, bearing, bringing near, adapting, taking, receiving, calling, exciting, admonishing, etc., when the verb is compounded with ad the prep. is not always repeated, but the constr. with the dat. or acc. employed; cf. Rudd. II. pp. 154, 175 n. (In the ante-class. per., and even in Cic., ad is generally repeated with most verbs, as, ad eos accedit, Cic. Sex. Rosc. 8:

    ad Sullam adire,

    id. ib. 25:

    ad se adferre,

    id. Verr. 4, 50:

    reticulum ad naris sibi admovebat,

    id. ib. 5, 27:

    ad laborem adhortantur,

    id. de Sen. 14:

    T. Vectium ad se arcessit,

    id. Verr. 5, 114; but the poets of the Aug. per., and the historians, esp. Tac., prefer the dative; also, when the compound verb contains merely the idea of approach, the constr. with ad and the acc. is employed; but when it designates increase, that with the dat. is more usual: accedit ad urbem, he approaches the city; but, accedit provinciae, it is added to the province.)—
    (β).
    Ad me, te, se, for domum meam, tuam, suam (in Plaut. and Ter. very freq.):

    oratus sum venire ad te huc,

    Plaut. Mil. 5, 1, 12: spectatores plaudite atque ite ad vos comissatum, id. Stich. fin.:

    eamus ad me,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64:

    ancillas traduce huc ad vos,

    id. Heaut. 4, 4, 22:

    transeundumst tibi ad Menedemum,

    id. 4, 4, 17: intro nos vocat ad sese, tenet intus apud se, Lucil. ap. Charis. p. 86 P.:

    te oro, ut ad me Vibonem statim venias,

    Cic. Att. 3, 3; 16, 10 al.—
    (γ).
    Ad, with the name of a deity in the gen., is elliptical for ad templum or aedem (cf.:

    Thespiadas, quae ad aedem Felicitatis sunt,

    Cic. Verr. 4, 4; id. Phil. 2, 35:

    in aedem Veneris,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 120;

    in aedem Concordiae,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 9, 21;

    2, 6, 12): ad Dianae,

    to the temple of, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 43:

    ad Opis,

    Cic. Att. 8, 1, 14:

    ad Castoris,

    id. Quint. 17:

    ad Juturnae,

    id. Clu. 101:

    ad Vestae,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 35 al.: cf. Rudd. II. p. 41, n. 4, and p. 334.—
    (δ).
    With verbs which denote a giving, sending, informing, submitting, etc., it is used for the simple dat. (Rudd. II. p. 175): litteras dare ad aliquem, to send or write one a letter; and: litteras dare alicui, to give a letter to one; hence Cic. never says, like Caesar and Sall., alicui scribere, which strictly means, to write for one (as a receipt, etc.), but always mittere, scribere, perscribere ad aliquem:

    postea ad pistores dabo,

    Plaut. As. 3, 3, 119:

    praecipe quae ad patrem vis nuntiari,

    id. Capt. 2, 2, 109:

    in servitutem pauperem ad divitem dare,

    Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 48:

    nam ad me Publ. Valerius scripsit,

    Cic. Fam. 14, 2 med.:

    de meis rebus ad Lollium perscripsi,

    id. ib. 5, 3:

    velim domum ad te scribas, ut mihi tui libri pateant,

    id. Att. 4, 14; cf. id. ib. 4, 16:

    ad primam (sc. epistulam) tibi hoc scribo,

    in answer to your first, id. ib. 3, 15, 2:

    ad Q. Fulvium Cons. Hirpini et Lucani dediderunt sese,

    Liv. 27, 15, 1; cf. id. 28, 22, 5.—Hence the phrase: mittere or scribere librum ad aliquem, to dedicate a book to one (Greek, prosphônein):

    has res ad te scriptas, Luci, misimus, Aeli,

    Lucil. Sat. 1, ap. Auct. Her. 4, 12:

    quae institueram, ad te mittam,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 5: ego interea admonitu tuo perfeci sane argutulos libros ad Varronem;

    and soon after: mihi explices velim, maneasne in sententia, ut mittam ad eum quae scripsi,

    Cic. Att. 13, 18; cf. ib. 16; Plin. 1, 19.—So in titles of books: M. Tullii Ciceronis ad Marcum Brutum Orator; M. T. Cic. ad Q. Fratrem Dialogi tres de Oratore, etc.—In the titles of odes and epigrams ad aliquem signifies to, addressed to. —
    (ε).
    With names of towns after verbs of motion, ad is used in answer to the question Whither? instead of the simple acc.; but commonly with this difference, that ad denotes to the vicinity of, the neighborhood of:

    miles ad Capuam profectus sum, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum,

    Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; id. Fam. 3, 81:

    ad Veios,

    Liv. 5, 19; 14, 18; cf. Caes. B. G. 1, 7; id. B. C. 3, 40 al.—Ad is regularly used when the proper name has an appellative in apposition to it:

    ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt,

    Sall. J. 81, 2; so Curt. 3, 1, 22; 4, 9, 9;

    or when it is joined with usque,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 34, § 87; id. Deiot, 7, 19.— (When an adjective is added, the simple acc. is used poet., as well as with ad:

    magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas,

    Prop. 3, 21, 1; the simple acc., Ov. H. 2, 83: doctas jam nunc eat, inquit, Athenas).—
    (ζ).
    With verbs which imply a hostile movement toward, or protection in respect to any thing, against = adversus:

    nonne ad senem aliquam fabricam fingit?

    Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 34:

    Lernaeas pugnet ad hydras,

    Prop. 3, 19, 9: neque quo pacto fallam, nec quem dolum ad eum aut machinam commoliar, old poet in Cic. N. D. 3, 29, 73:

    Belgarum copias ad se venire vidit,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 5; 7, 70:

    ipse ad hostem vehitur,

    Nep. Dat. 4, 5; id. Dion. 5, 4: Romulus ad regem impetus facit (a phrase in which in is commonly found), Liv. 1, 5, 7, and 44, 3, 10:

    aliquem ad hostem ducere,

    Tac. A. 2, 52:

    clipeos ad tela protecti obiciunt,

    Verg. A. 2, 443:

    munio me ad haec tempora,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 18:

    ad hos omnes casus provisa erant praesidia,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 65; 7, 41;

    so with nouns: medicamentum ad aquam intercutem,

    Cic. Off. 3, 24:

    remedium ad tertianam,

    Petr. Sat. 18:

    munimen ad imbris,

    Verg. G. 2, 352:

    farina cum melle ad tussim siccam efficasissima est,

    Plin. 20, 22, 89, § 243:

    ad muliebre ingenium efficaces preces,

    Liv. 1, 9; 1, 19 (in these two passages ad may have the force of apud, Hand).—
    (η).
    The repetition of ad to denote the direction to a place and to a person present in it is rare:

    nunc tu abi ad forum ad herum,

    Plaut. As. 2, 2, 100; cf.:

    vocatis classico ad concilium militibus ad tribunos,

    Liv. 5 47.—(The distinction between ad and in is given by Diom. 409 P., thus: in forum ire est in ipsum forum intrare; ad forum autem ire, in locum foro proximum; ut in tribunal et ad tribunal venire non unum est; quia ad tribunal venit litigator, in tribunal vero praetor aut judex; cf. also Sen. Ep. 73, 14, deus ad homines venit, immo, quod propius est, in homines venit.)—
    b.
    The terminus, with ref. to the space traversed, to, even to, with or without usque, Quint. 10, 7, 16: ingurgitavit usque ad imum gutturem, Naev. ap. Non. 207, 20 (Rib. Com. Rel. p. 30): dictator pervehitur usque ad oppidum, Naev. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 153 Mull. (B. Pun. p. 16 ed. Vahl.):

    via pejor ad usque Baii moenia,

    Hor. S. 1, 5, 96; 1, 1, 97:

    rigidum permanat frigus ad ossa,

    Lucr. 1, 355; 1, 969:

    cum sudor ad imos Manaret talos,

    Hor. S. 1, 9, 10:

    ut quantum posset, agmen ad mare extenderet,

    Curt. 3, 9, 10:

    laeva pars ad pectus est nuda,

    id. 6, 5, 27 al. —Hence the Plinian expression, petere aliquid (usque) ad aliquem, to seek something everywhere, even with one:

    ut ad Aethiopas usque peteretur,

    Plin. 36, 6, 9, § 51 (where Jan now reads ab Aethiopia); so,

    vestis ad Seras peti,

    id. 12, 1, 1.— Trop.:

    si quid poscam, usque ad ravim poscam,

    Plaut. Aul. 2, 5, 10:

    deverberasse usque ad necem,

    Ter. Phorm. 2, 2, 13;

    without usque: hic ad incitas redactus,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 136; 4, 2, 52; id. Poen. 4, 2, 85; illud ad incitas cum redit atque internecionem, Lucil. ap. Non. 123, 20:

    virgis ad necem caedi,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; so Hor. S. 1, 2, 42; Liv. 24, 38, 9; Tac. A. 11, 37; Suet. Ner. 26; id. Dom. 8 al.
    3.
    Nearness or proximity in gen. = apud, near to, by, at, close by (in anteclass. per. very freq.; not rare later, esp. in the historians): pendent peniculamenta unum ad quemque pedum, trains are suspended at each foot, Enn. ap. Non. 149, 33 (Ann. v. 363 ed. Vahl.):

    ut in servitute hic ad suum maneat patrem,

    Plaut. Capt. prol. 49; cf. id. ib. 2, 3, 98;

    3, 5, 41: sol quasi flagitator astat usque ad ostium,

    stands like a creditor continually at the door, id. Most. 3, 2, 81 (cf. with same force, Att. ap. Non. 522, 25;

    apud ipsum astas): ad foris adsistere,

    Cic. Verr. 1, 66; id. Arch. 24:

    astiterunt ad januam,

    Vulg. Act. 10, 17:

    non adest ad exercitum,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 6; cf. ib. prol. 133:

    aderant ad spectaculum istud,

    Vulg. Luc. 23, 48: has (testas) e fenestris in caput Deiciunt, qui prope ad ostium adspiraverunt, Lucil. ap. Non. 288, 31:

    et nec opinanti Mors ad caput adstitit,

    Lucr. 3, 959:

    quod Romanis ad manum domi supplementum esset,

    at hand, Liv. 9, 19, 6:

    haec arma habere ad manum,

    Quint. 12, 5, 1:

    dominum esse ad villam,

    Cic. Sull. 20; so id. Verr. 2, 21:

    errantem ad flumina,

    Verg. E. 6, 64; Tib. 1, 10, 38; Plin. 7, 2, § 12; Vitr. 7, 14; 7, 12; and ellipt. (cf. supra, 2. g):

    pecunia utinam ad Opis maneret!

    Cic. Phil. 1, 17.—Even of persons:

    qui primum pilum ad Caesarem duxerat (for apud),

    Caes. B. G. 6, 38; so id. ib. 1, 31; 3, 9; 5, 53; 7, 5; id. B. C. 3, 60:

    ad inferos poenas parricidii luent,

    among, Cic. Phil. 14, 13:

    neque segnius ad hostes bellum apparatur,

    Liv. 7, 7, 4: pugna ad Trebiam, ad Trasimenum, ad Cannas, etc., for which Liv. also uses the gen.:

    si Trasimeni quam Trebiae, si Cannarum quam Trasimeni pugna nobilior esset, 23, 43, 4.—Sometimes used to form the name of a place, although written separately, e. g. ad Murcim,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 154:

    villa ad Gallinas, a villa on the Flaminian Way,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 37: ad urbem esse (of generals), to remain outside the city (Rome) until permission was given for a triumph:

    “Esse ad urbem dicebantur, qui cum potestate provinciali aut nuper e provincia revertissent, aut nondum in provinciam profecti essent... solebant autem, qui ob res in provincia gestas triumphum peterent, extra urbem exspectare, donec, lege lata, triumphantes urbem introire possent,”

    Manut. ad Cic. Fam. 3, 8.—So sometimes with names of towns and verbs of rest:

    pons, qui erat ad Genavam,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

    ad Tibur mortem patri minatus est,

    Cic. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

    conchas ad Caietam legunt,

    id. Or. 2, 6:

    ad forum esse,

    to be at the market, Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 136; id. Most. 3, 2, 158; cf. Ter. Ph. 4, 2, 8; id. And. 1, 5, 19.—Hence, adverb., ad dextram (sc. manum, partem), ad laevam, ad sinistram, to the right, to the left, or on the right, on the left:

    ad dextram,

    Att. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 225; Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 44; Cic. Univ. 13; Caes. B. C. 1, 69:

    ad laevam,

    Enn. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 51; Att. ib. p. 217: ad sinistram, Ter. [p. 28] Ad. 4, 2, 43 al.:

    ad dextram... ad laevam,

    Liv. 40, 6;

    and with an ordinal number: cum plebes ad tertium milliarium consedisset,

    at the third milestone, Cic. Brut. 14, 54, esp. freq. with lapis:

    sepultus ad quintum lapidem,

    Nep. Att. 22, 4; so Liv. 3, 69 al.; Tac. H. 3, 18; 4, 60 (with apud, Ann. 1, 45; 3, 45; 15, 60) al.; cf. Rudd. II. p. 287.
    B.
    In time, analogous to the relations given in A.
    1.
    Direction toward, i. e. approach to a definite point of time, about, toward:

    domum reductus ad vesperum,

    toward evening, Cic. Lael. 3, 12:

    cum ad hiemem me ex Cilicia recepissem,

    toward winter, id. Fam. 3, 7.—
    2.
    The limit or boundary to which a space of time extends, with and without usque, till, until, to, even to, up to:

    ego ad illud frugi usque et probus fui,

    Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 53:

    philosophia jacuit usque ad hanc aetatem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. de Sen. 14:

    quid si hic manebo potius ad meridiem,

    Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 55; so id. Men. 5, 7, 33; id. Ps. 1, 5, 116; id. As. 2, 1, 5:

    ad multam noctem,

    Cic. de Sen. 14:

    Sophocles ad summam senectutem tragoedias fecit,

    id. ib. 2; cf. id. Rep. 1, 1:

    Alexandream se proficisci velle dixit (Aratus) remque integram ad reditum suum jussit esse,

    id. Off. 2, 23, 82:

    bestiae ex se natos amant ad quoddam tempus,

    id. Lael. 8; so id. de Sen. 6; id. Somn. Sc. 1 al. —And with ab or ab-usque, to desig. the whole period of time passed away:

    ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

    Cic. Att. 7, 8:

    usque ab aurora ad hoc diei,

    Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 8.—
    3.
    Coincidence with a point of time, at, on, in, by:

    praesto fuit ad horam destinatam,

    at the appointed hour, Cic. Tusc. 5, 22:

    admonuit ut pecuniam ad diem solverent,

    on the day of payment, id. Att. 16, 16 A:

    nostra ad diem dictam fient,

    id. Fam. 16, 10, 4; cf. id. Verr. 2, 2, 5: ad lucem denique arte et graviter dormitare coepisse, at (not toward) daybreak, id. Div. 1, 28, 59; so id. Att. 1, 3, 2; 1, 4, 3; id. Fin. 2, 31, 103; id. Brut. 97, 313:

    ad id tempus,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 24; Sall. J. 70, 5; Tac. A. 15, 60; Suet. Aug. 87; Domit. 17, 21 al.
    C.
    The relations of number.
    1.
    An approximation to a sum designated, near, near to, almost, about, toward (cf. Gr. epi, pros with acc. and the Fr. pres de, a peu pres, presque) = circiter (Hand, Turs. I. p. 102):

    ad quadraginta eam posse emi minas,

    Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 111:

    nummorum Philippum ad tria milia,

    id. Trin. 1, 2, 115; sometimes with quasi added:

    quasi ad quadraginta minas,

    as it were about, id. Most. 3, 1, 95; so Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 93:

    sane frequentes fuimus omnino ad ducentos,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 1:

    cum annos ad quadraginta natus esset,

    id. Clu. 40, 110:

    ad hominum milia decem,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

    oppida numero ad duodecim, vicos ad quadringentos,

    id. ib. 1, 5.—In the histt. and post-Aug. authors ad is added adverbially in this sense (contrary to Gr. usage, by which amphi, peri, and eis with numerals retain their power as prepositions): ad binum milium numero utrinque sauciis factis, Sisenn. ap. Non. 80, 4:

    occisis ad hominum milibus quattuor,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 33:

    ad duorum milium numero ceciderunt,

    id. B. C. 3, 53:

    ad duo milia et trecenti occisi,

    Liv. 10, 17, 8; so id. 27, 12, 16; Suet. Caes. 20; cf. Rudd. II. p. 334.—
    2.
    The terminus, the limit, to, unto, even to, a designated number (rare):

    ranam luridam conicere in aquam usque quo ad tertiam partem decoxeris,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 26; cf. App. Herb. 41:

    aedem Junonis ad partem dimidiam detegit,

    even to the half, Liv. 42, 3, 2:

    miles (viaticum) ad assem perdiderat,

    to a farthing, to the last farthing, Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 27; Plin. Ep. 1, 15:

    quid ad denarium solveretur,

    Cic. Quint. 4.—The phrase omnes ad unum or ad unum omnes, or simply ad unum, means lit. all to one, i. e. all together, all without exception; Gr. hoi kath hena pantes (therefore the gender of unum is changed according to that of omnes): praetor omnes extra castra, ut stercus, foras ejecit ad unum, Lucil. ap. Non. 394, 22:

    de amicitia omnes ad unum idem sentiunt,

    Cic. Lael. 23:

    ad unum omnes cum ipso duce occisi sunt,

    Curt. 4, 1, 22 al.:

    naves Rhodias afflixit ita, ut ad unam omnes constratae eliderentur,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 27; onerariae omnes ad unam a nobis sunt exceptae, Cic. Fam. 12, 14 (cf. in Gr. hoi kath hena; in Hebr., Exod. 14, 28).— Ad unum without omnes:

    ego eam sententiam dixi, cui sunt assensi ad unum,

    Cic. Fam. 10, 16:

    Juppiter omnipotens si nondum exosus ad unum Trojanos,

    Verg. A. 5, 687.
    D.
    In the manifold relations of one object to another.
    1.
    That in respect of or in regard to which a thing avails, happens, or is true or important, with regard to, in respect of, in relation to, as to, to, in.
    a.
    With verbs:

    ad omnia alia aetate sapimus rectius,

    in respect to all other things we grow wiser by age, Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 45:

    numquam ita quisquam bene ad vitam fuat,

    id. ib. 5, 4, 1:

    nil ibi libatum de toto corpore (mortui) cernas ad speciem, nil ad pondus,

    that nothing is lost in form or weight, Lucr. 3, 214; cf. id. 5, 570; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 21, § 58; id. Mur. 13, 29: illi regi Cyro subest, ad immutandi animi licentiam, crudelissimus ille Phalaris, in that Cyrus, in regard to the liberty of changing his disposition (i. e. not in reality, but inasmuch as he is at liberty to lay aside his good character, and assume that of a tyrant), there is concealed another cruel Phalaris, Cic. Rep. 1, 28:

    nil est ad nos,

    is nothing to us, concerns us not, Lucr. 3, 830; 3, 845:

    nil ad me attinet,

    Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 54:

    nihil ad rem pertinet,

    Cic. Caecin. 58;

    and in the same sense elliptically: nihil ad Epicurum,

    id. Fin. 1, 2, 5; id. Pis. 68:

    Quid ad praetorem?

    id. Verr. 1, 116 (this usage is not to be confounded with that under 4.).—
    b.
    With adjectives:

    ad has res perspicax,

    Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

    virum ad cetera egregium,

    Liv. 37, 7, 15:

    auxiliaribus ad pugnam non multum Crassus confidebat,

    Caes. B. G. 3, 25:

    ejus frater aliquantum ad rem est avidior,

    Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 51; cf. id. And. 1, 2, 21; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 129:

    ut sit potior, qui prior ad dandum est,

    id. Phorm. 3, 2, 48:

    difficilis (res) ad credendum,

    Lucr. 2, 1027:

    ad rationem sollertiamque praestantior,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 62; so id. Leg. 2, 13, 33; id. Fin. 2, 20, 63; id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; id. Font. 15; id. Cat. 1, 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 25, 113; 1, 32, 146; 2, 49, 200; id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; Liv. 9, 16, 13; Tac. A. 12, 54 al.—
    c.
    With nouns:

    prius quam tuum, ut sese habeat, animum ad nuptias perspexerit,

    before he knew your feeling in regard to the marriage, Ter. And. 2, 3, 4 (cf. Gr. hopôs echei tis pros ti):

    mentis ad omnia caecitas,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 5, 11:

    magna vis est fortunae in utramque partem vel ad secundas res vel ad adversas,

    id. Off. 2, 6; so id. Par. 1:

    ad cetera paene gemelli,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3.—So with acc. of gerund instead of the gen. from the same vb.:

    facultas ad scribendum, instead of scribendi,

    Cic. Font. 6;

    facultas ad agendum,

    id. de Imp. Pomp. 1, 2: cf. Rudd. II. p. 245.—
    d.
    In gramm.: nomina ad aliquid dicta, nouns used in relation to something, i. e. which derive their significance from their relation to another object: quae non possunt intellegi sola, ut pater, mater;

    jungunt enim sibi et illa propter quae intelleguntur,

    Charis. 129 P.; cf. Prisc. 580 ib.—
    2.
    With words denoting measure, weight, manner, model, rule, etc., both prop. and fig., according to, agreeably to, after (Gr. kata, pros):

    columnas ad perpendiculum exigere,

    Cic. Mur. 77:

    taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 12: facta sunt ad certam formam. Lucr. 2, 379:

    ad amussim non est numerus,

    Varr. 2, 1, 26:

    ad imaginem facere,

    Vulg. Gen. 1, 26:

    ad cursus lunae describit annum,

    Liv. 1, 19:

    omnia ad diem facta sunt,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 5:

    Id ad similitudinem panis efficiebant,

    id. B. C. 3, 48; Vulg. Gen. 1, 26; id. Jac. 3, 9:

    ad aequos flexus,

    at equal angles, Lucr. 4, 323: quasi ad tornum levantur, to or by the lathe, id. 4, 361:

    turres ad altitudiem valli,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 42; Liv. 39, 6:

    ad eandem crassitudinem structi,

    id. 44, 11:

    ad speciem cancellorum scenicorum,

    with the appearance of, like, Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 8:

    stagnum maris instar, circumseptum aedificiis ad urbium speciem,

    Suet. Ner. 31:

    lascivum pecus ludens ad cantum,

    Liv. Andron. Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1:

    canere ad tibiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 4, 2: canere ad tibicinem, id. ib. 1, 2 (cf.:

    in numerum ludere,

    Verg. E. 6, 28; id. G. 4, 175):

    quod ad Aristophanis lucernam lucubravi,

    Varr. L. L. 5, § 9 Mull.: carmen castigare ad unguem, to perfection (v. unguis), Hor. A. P. 294:

    ad unguem factus homo,

    a perfect gentleman, id. S. 1, 5, 32 (cf. id. ib. 2, 7, 86):

    ad istorum normam sapientes,

    Cic. Lael. 5, 18; id. Mur. 3:

    Cyrus non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperii,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

    exercemur in venando ad similitudinem bellicae disciplinae,

    id. N. D. 2, 64, 161: so,

    ad simulacrum,

    Liv. 40, 6:

    ad Punica ingenia,

    id. 21, 22:

    ad L. Crassi eloquentiam,

    Cic. Var. Fragm. 8:

    omnia fient ad verum,

    Juv. 6, 324:

    quid aut ad naturam aut contra sit,

    Cic. Fin. 1, 9, 30:

    ad hunc modum institutus est,

    id. Tusc. 2, 3; Caes. B. G. 2, 31; 3, 13:

    ad eundem istunc modum,

    Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 70:

    quem ad modum, q. v.: ad istam faciem est morbus, qui me macerat,

    of that kind, Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 73; id. Merc. 2, 3, 90; cf.

    91: cujus ad arbitrium copia materiai cogitur,

    Lucr. 2, 281:

    ad eorum arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt,

    to their will and pleasure, Cic. Or. 8, 24; id. Quint. 71:

    ad P. Lentuli auctoritatem Roma contendit,

    id. Rab. Post. 21:

    aliae sunt legati partes, aliae imperatoris: alter omnia agere ad praescriptum, alter libere ad summam rerum consulere debet,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 51:

    rebus ad voluntatem nostram fluentibus,

    Cic. Off. 1, 26:

    rem ad illorum libidinem judicarunt,

    id. Font. 36:

    ad vulgi opinionem,

    id. Off. 3, 21.—So in later Lat. with instar:

    ad instar castrorum,

    Just. 36, 3, 2:

    scoparum,

    App. M. 9, p. 232:

    speculi,

    id. ib. 2, p. 118: ad hoc instar mundi, id. de Mundo, p. 72.—Sometimes, but very rarely, ad is used absol. in this sense (so also very rarely kata with acc., Xen. Hell. 2, 3; Luc. Dial. Deor. 8): convertier ad nos, as we (are turned), Lucr. 4, 317:

    ad navis feratur,

    like ships, id. 4, 897 Munro. —With noun:

    ad specus angustiac vallium,

    like caves, Caes. B. C. 3, 49.—Hence,
    3.
    With an object which is the cause or reason, in conformity to which, from which, or for which, any thing is or is done.
    a.
    The moving cause, according to, at, on, in consequence of:

    cetera pars animae paret et ad numen mentis momenque movetur,

    Lucr. 3, 144:

    ad horum preces in Boeotiam duxit,

    on their entreaty, Liv. 42, 67, 12: ad ea Caesar veniam ipsique et conjugi et fratribus tribuit, in consequence of or upon this, he, etc., Tac. Ann. 12, 37.—
    b.
    The final cause, or the object, end, or aim, for the attainment of which any thing,
    (α).
    is done,
    (β).
    is designed, or,
    (γ).
    is fitted or adapted (very freq.), to, for, in order to.
    (α).
    Seque ad ludos jam inde abhinc exerceant, Pac. ap. Charis. p. 175 P. (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 80):

    venimus coctum ad nuptias,

    in order to cook for the wedding, Plaut. Aul. 3, 2, 15:

    omnis ad perniciem instructa domus,

    id. Bacch. 3, 1, 6; cf. Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 41; Liv. 1, 54:

    cum fingis falsas causas ad discordiam,

    in order to produce dissension, Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 71:

    quantam fenestram ad nequitiam patefeceris,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 72:

    utrum ille, qui postulat legatum ad tantum bellum, quem velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, cum ceteri ad expilandos socios diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos eduxerint,

    Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

    ego vitam quoad putabo tua interesse, aut ad spem servandam esse, retinebo,

    for hope, id. Q. Fr. 1, 4; id. Fam. 5, 17:

    haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, ad facinora incendebant,

    Sall. C. 13, 4:

    ad speciem atque ad usurpationem vetustatis,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 12, 31; Suet. Caes. 67:

    paucis ad speciem tabernaculis relictis,

    for appearance, Caes. B. C. 2, 35; so id. ib. 2, 41; id. B. G. 1, 51.—
    (β).
    Aut equos alere aut canes ad venandum. Ter. And. 1, 1, 30:

    ingenio egregie ad miseriam natus sum,

    id. Heaut. 3, 1, 11;

    (in the same sense: in rem,

    Hor. C. 1, 27, 1, and the dat., Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 6):

    ad cursum equum, ad arandum bovem, ad indagandum canem,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 13, 40:

    ad frena leones,

    Verg. A. 10, 253:

    delecto ad naves milite,

    marines, Liv. 22, 19 Weissenb.:

    servos ad remum,

    rowers, id. 34, 6; and:

    servos ad militiam emendos,

    id. 22, 61, 2:

    comparasti ad lecticam homines,

    Cat. 10, 16:

    Lygdamus ad cyathos,

    Prop. 4, 8, 37; cf.:

    puer ad cyathum statuetur,

    Hor. C. 1, 29, 8.—
    (γ).
    Quae oportet Signa esse [p. 29] ad salutem, omnia huic osse video, everything indicative of prosperity I see in him, Ter. And. 3, 2, 2:

    haec sunt ad virtutem omnia,

    id. Heaut. 1, 2, 33:

    causa ad objurgandum,

    id. And. 1, 1, 123:

    argumentum ad scribendum,

    Cic. Att. 9, 7 (in both examples instead of the gen. of gerund., cf. Rudd. II. p. 245):

    vinum murteum est ad alvum crudam,

    Cato R. R. 125:

    nulla res tantum ad dicendum proficit, quantum scriptio,

    Cic. Brut. 24:

    reliquis rebus, quae sunt ad incendia,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 101 al. —So with the adjectives idoneus, utilis, aptus, instead of the dat.:

    homines ad hanc rem idoneos,

    Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

    calcei habiles et apti ad pedem,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 54, 231:

    orator aptus tamen ad dicendum,

    id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5:

    sus est ad vescendum hominibus apta,

    id. N. D. 2, 64, 160:

    homo ad nullam rem utilis,

    id. Off. 3, 6:

    ad segetes ingeniosus ager,

    Ov. F. 4, 684.—(Upon the connection of ad with the gerund. v. Zumpt, § 666; Rudd. II. p. 261.)—
    4.
    Comparison (since that with which a thing is compared is considered as an object to which the thing compared is brought near for the sake of comparison), to, compared to or with, in comparison with:

    ad sapientiam hujus ille (Thales) nimius nugator fuit,

    Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 25; id. Trin. 3, 2, 100:

    ne comparandus hic quidem ad illum'st,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 14; 2, 3, 69:

    terra ad universi caeli complexum,

    compared with the whole extent of the heavens, Cic. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:

    homini non ad cetera Punica ingenia callido,

    Liv. 22, 22, 15:

    at nihil ad nostram hanc,

    nothing in comparison with, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 70; so Cic. Deiot. 8, 24; and id. de Or. 2, 6, 25.
    E.
    Adverbial phrases with ad.
    1.
    Ad omnia, withal, to crown all:

    ingentem vim peditum equitumque venire: ex India elephantos: ad omnia tantum advehi auri, etc.,

    Liv. 35, 32, 4.—
    2.
    Ad hoc and ad haec (in the historians, esp. from the time of Livy, and in authors after the Aug. per.), = praeterea, insuper, moreover, besides, in addition, epi toutois:

    nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, etc.: praeterea omnes undique parricidae, etc.: ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio aut sanguine civili alebat: postremo omnes, quos, etc.,

    Sall. C. 14, 2 and 3:

    his opinionibus inflato animo, ad hoc vitio quoque ingenii vehemens,

    Liv. 6, 11, 6; 42, 1, 1; Tac. H. 1, 6; Suet. Aug. 22 al.—
    3.
    Ad id quod, beside that (very rare):

    ad id quod sua sponte satis conlectum animorum erat, indignitate etiam Romani accendebantur,

    Liv. 3, 62, 1; so 44, 37, 12.—
    4.
    Ad tempus.
    a.
    At a definite, fixed time, Cic. Att. 13, 45; Liv. 38, 25, 3.—
    b.
    At a fit, appropriate time, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 54, § 141; Liv. 1, 7, 13.—
    c.
    For some time, for a short time, Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27; id. Lael. 15, 53; Liv. 21, 25, 14.—
    d.
    According to circumstances, Cic. Planc. 30, 74; id. Cael. 6, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9.—
    5.
    Ad praesens (for the most part only in post-Aug. writers).
    a.
    For the moment, for a short time, Cic. Fam. 12, 8; Plin. 8, 22, 34; Tac. A. 4, 21.—
    b.
    At present, now, Tac. A. 16, 5; id. H. 1, 44.—So, ad praesentiam, Tac. A. 11, 8.—
    6.
    Ad locum, on the spot:

    ut ad locum miles esset paratus,

    Liv. 27, 27, 2.—
    7.
    Ad verbum, word for word, literally, Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; id. de Or. 1, 34, 157; id. Ac. 2, 44, 135 al.—
    8.
    Ad summam.
    a.
    On the whole, generally, in general, Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3; id. Att. 14, 1; Suet. Aug. 71.—
    b.
    In a word, in short, Cic. Off. 1, 41, 149; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 106. —
    9.
    Ad extremum, ad ultimum, ad postremum.
    a.
    At the end, finally, at last.
    (α).
    Of place, at the extremity, extreme point, top, etc.:

    missile telum hastili abiegno et cetera tereti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum exstabat,

    Liv. 21, 8, 10.—
    (β).
    Of time = telos de, at last, finally:

    ibi ad postremum cedit miles,

    Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 52; so id. Poen. 4, 2, 22; Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Phil. 13, 20, 45; Caes. B. G. 7, 53; Liv. 30, 15, 4 al.— Hence,
    (γ).
    of order, finally, lastly, = denique: inventa componere; tum ornare oratione; post memoria sepire;

    ad extremum agere cum dignitate,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 142.—
    b.
    In Liv., to the last degree, quite: improbus homo, sed non ad extremum perditus, 23, 2, 3; cf.:

    consilii scelerati, sed non ad ultimum dementis,

    id. 28, 28, 8.—
    10.
    Quem ad finem? To what limit? How far? Cic. Cat. 1, 1; id. Verr. 5, 75.—
    11.
    Quem ad modum, v. sub h. v.
    ► a.
    Ad (v. ab, ex, in, etc.) is not repeated like some other prepositions with interrog. and relative pronouns, after nouns or demonstrative pronouns:

    traducis cogitationes meas ad voluptates. Quas? corporis credo,

    Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37 (ubi v. Kuhner).—
    b.
    Ad is sometimes placed after its substantive:

    quam ad,

    Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 39:

    senatus, quos ad soleret, referendum censuit,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 4:

    ripam ad Araxis,

    Tac. Ann. 12, 51;

    or between subst. and adj.: augendam ad invidiam,

    id. ib. 12, 8.—
    c.
    The compound adque for et ad (like exque, eque, and, poet., aque) is denied by Moser, Cic. Rep. 2, 15, p. 248, and he reads instead of ad humanitatem adque mansuetudinem of the MSS., hum. atque mans. But adque, in acc. with later usage, is restored by Hand in App. M. 10, p. 247, adque haec omnia oboediebam for atque; and in Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 9, utroque vorsum rectum'st ingenium meum, ad se adque illum, is now read, ad te atque ad illum (Fleck., Brix).
    II.
    In composition.
    A.
    Form. According to the usual orthography, the d of the ad remains unchanged before vowels, and before b, d, h, m, v: adbibo, adduco, adhibeo, admoveo, advenio; it is assimilated to c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t: accipio, affigo, aggero, allabor, annumero, appello, arripio, assumo, attineo; before g and s it sometimes disappears: agnosco, aspicio, asto: and before qu it passes into c: acquiro, acquiesco.—But later philologists, supported by old inscriptions and good MSS., have mostly adopted the following forms: ad before j, h, b, d, f, m, n, q, v; ac before c, sometimes, but less well, before q; ag and also ad before g; a before gn, sp, sc, st; ad and also al before l; ad rather than an before n; ap and sometimes ad before p; ad and also ar before r; ad and also as before s; at and sometimes ad before t. In this work the old orthography has commonly been retained for the sake of convenient reference, but the better form in any case is indicated.—
    B.
    Signif. In English up often denotes approach, and in many instances will give the force of ad as a prefix both in its local and in its figurative sense.
    1.
    Local.
    a.
    To, toward: affero, accurro, accipio ( to one's self).—
    b.
    At, by: astare, adesse.—
    c.
    On, upon, against: accumbo, attero.—
    d.
    Up (cf. de- = down, as in deicio, decido): attollo, ascendo, adsurgo.—
    2.
    Fig.
    a.
    To: adjudico, adsentior.—
    b.
    At or on: admiror, adludo.—
    c.
    Denoting conformity to, or comparison with: affiguro, adaequo.—
    d.
    Denoting addition, increase (cf. ab, de, and ex as prefixes to denote privation): addoceo, adposco.—
    e.
    Hence, denoting intensity: adamo, adimpleo, aduro, and perhaps agnosco.—
    f.
    Denoting the coming to an act or state, and hence commencement: addubito, addormio, adquiesco, adlubesco, advesperascit. See more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 74-134.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ad

  • 13 E

    E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.
    b.
    The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).
    c.
    For i stands ĕ
    (α).
    in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—
    (β).
    In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—
    (γ).
    In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —
    (δ).
    In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—
    (ε).
    In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and
    (ζ).
    In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—
    (η).
    It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.
    d.
    It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.
    e.
    The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.
    f.
    The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.
    g.
    The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.
    h.
    As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.
    2.
    e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > E

  • 14 e

    E, e, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) fem., a vowel corresponding to both the e and the ê of the Greeks, Ter. Maur. p. 2386 P.; Aus. Idyll. de Litter. Monos. 3 and 4; Mart. Cap. 3, § 235. Its sound varied; short e being sounded sometimes like Engl. e in men (so in pater, inter, etc.), sometimes more nearly like short i, as in Engl. pin (so in famelia, mereto, Menerva, etc.); whence, in the literary language, it passed, in a large class of words, into ĭ (familia, merito, etc.), though retained in the popular speech, and oft. in inscriptions. Long e also varied in sound, often resembling the diphthong ae, with which it is constantly confounded in MSS. and inscrr. (cf. raeda and reda; saeculum and seculum; ceteri and caeteri, etc.), and often approaching the sound of ī (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 324 sqq.). The short e in Latin is the least emphatic of all the vowels; hence, it not only took the place of other vowels in changes of words where the sounds became weakened, and in the vulgar language where the vowel sounds were less sharply distinguished, but frequently took the place of a final syllable ending in a consonant, and was sometimes, especially at the end of words, rejected.
    b.
    The transition of ă into ĕ (which took place especially before two consonants, whereas usually ă passed into ĭ in open syllables, v. art. A.) is seen in the compounds refello, commendo, ineptus, confercio, incestus, perpetior, etc. In some words the orthography is unsettled, as in the compounds of spargo, which are written sometimes aspergo, conspergo, dispergo, etc., and sometimes aspargo, conspargo, dispargo, etc.; as along with dispando the vulgar form dispenno also occurs. So in all the verbal reduplications, as cĕcidi, cĕcini, pĕperi, pĕpigi, tĕtigi; pĕperci, fĕfelli; dĕdi and stĕti (from cado, cano, pario, pango, tango, parco, fallo, DA and STA), whereas the vowels i, o, u remain unchanged in reduplication (bĭbi; mŏmordi; tŭtudi; for the anomalous forms in Gell. 7, 9, are certainly Graecized). As along with pĕpĭgi there also arose by syncope (in the Lat. lang. a predominating element in the formation of words) the perfect pēgi; so we may explain the perfect forms cēpi, fēci, jēci, frēgi, and ēgi, as syncopated from cĕcĭpi, fĕfĭci, jĕjĭci, frĕfĭgi, and ĕïgi (this last analogously with dēgo, from dēĭgo).
    c.
    For i stands ĕ
    (α).
    in the neuter forms of the adjectives in is (acre, agreste, facile, etc.).—
    (β).
    In the nominative forms: aedes, apes, canes, etc. (for aedis, apis, canis, etc. v. h. vv.).—
    (γ).
    In the dative forms: morte, jure dicundo, Dijove, Victore, etc. (cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 192 sq.; and Quint. 1, 4, 17). —
    (δ).
    In the nominatives in es, whose genitive has ĭtis.—
    (ε).
    In the nominatives from stems ending in c, b, p, t, n, etc., as, pollex, caelebs, princeps, comes, flumen, from pollic-, caelib-, princip-, comit-, flumin-; and
    (ζ).
    In the old and partly vulgar manner of writing and pronouncing: CEPET, EXEMET, NAVEBOS (Colum. Rostr.), FVET, DEDET, TEMPESTATEBVS, TIBE (Epit. of the Scipios), COMPROMESISE (S. C. de Bacch.), MENERVA, MAGESTER, HERE, VEA, VELLA, etc. (Quint. 1, 4, 8, and 17; Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 46). In the earliest period (before Plautus) ĕ was found in many words in which ĭ afterwards took its place; as: semul, fuet, mereto, tempestatebus, etc.—
    (η).
    It is prob. too that the abl. ĕ of the third declension proceeded from ī (or id); cf. Neue, Formenl. 1, 239 sqq.; Corss. Ausspr. 2, 241 sq.
    d.
    It less freq. happens that o and u pass over into ĕ, as vello, ocellus, verto, vertex, vester, compared with vulsi, oculus, vorto, vortex, voster: generis from genus, societas from socius, etc.; and even for long u we have ĕ in dejĕro and pejĕro, from jūro.
    e.
    The stem vowel o is weakened to ĕ in the vocative of nouns in us of the second declension; ĕ also represents o in the perf. and in pass. forms, such as scripsere, conabare, conabere, from scripserunt, conabaris, conaberis; in the future forms attinge, dice, facie, recipie, from attingam, dicam, faciam, recipiam (see under dico init.); in the forms mage, pote, from magis, potis, etc.; it is inserted for euphony in the nom. of many nouns and adjj whose stems end in r preceded by a mute, as ager, aper, liber, aeger, ruber, sacer, etc.
    f.
    The vowel e is suppressed in the imperatives dic, duc, fac, fer, in the anteclass infinitive biber (from bibere); in the vocative of the second declension of nouns in ius, as Gai, geni, fili, canteri, columbari, mantuari, volturi, mi (cf. Freund in Jahn's Neue Jahrbüch, 1835, vol. 13, p. 148 sq.), in enclitic particles often, as: hic, haec, hoc, for hice, etc.; so, illaec, sic, nunc, nec, ac, etc.: viden, potin: quin, for quine, etc., and as an initial in the present forms of the verb esse (sum, sumus, sunt; sim, etc., for esum, esumus, esunt, esim, etc.). But the forms facul, simul, Bacchanal, etc., are not apocopated. Even a radical ĕ sometimes drops out when a prefix or suffix is taken; so, gigno, for gigeno: malignus, for maligenus: gnatus, for genatus.
    g.
    The long e interchanges most freq. with the diphthongs ae and oe (q. v.); yet it sometimes also took the place of ā, as in anhēlo, from hālo, and in the rustic bēlo, for bālo; and likewise of ī, as LEBER, SPECA, AMECVS, for līber, spīca, amīcus (Quint. Inst. l. l.; Varr. R. R. 1, 48, 2; Paul. ex Fest. p. 15, 6 Müll.); and in words borrowed from the Greek, as chorēa, Darēus, along with Academīa, Alexandrīa; see the letter I.
    h.
    As an abbreviation, E (mostly in connection with other abbreviations) signifies egregius, equus, eques, erexit, evocatus, etc.; e. g. E. M. V. = egregiae memoriae vir; E. Q. R. = eques Romanus; EE. QQ. RR. = equites Romani; E. P. = equo publico; E. M. D. S. P. E. = e monitu de sua pecunia erexit, etc.
    2.
    e.. praep., out of, from, v. ex.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > e

  • 15 V

    V, v, a character derived from the Greek g, Mar. Victor. p. 2459 P. A consonant which, though originally written with the same sign as the vowel u (v. the letter U), was by the ancients themselves considered as essentially different from it, Charis. p. 57 P.; Diom. p. 416; 420 P.; Prisc. p. 539; 542; 544 sq. P.; Vel. Long. p. 2215; 2222 P.; just as the consonant i ( j) and the vowel i were regarded as two distinct letters; v. the letter J.
    I.
    The sound of V seems to have been the same with that of English initial W. It corresponded to the Æolic digamma;

    hence it is called,

    Quint. 12, 10, 29, Aeolica littera, and the emperor Claudius used the Greek digamma inverted F to represent it (because in its proper position it already formed the Latin letter F), Quint. 1, 7, 26; Prisc. p. 545 sq. P.; Gell. 14, 5, 2;

    v. also the inscrr. of the period during and immediately succeeding the reign of Claudius,

    Inscr. Orell. 710 sq.; Marini Atti, p. 97. In very many words which were originally common to both languages, the initial or medial v in Latin represents a lost digamma in Greek; cf.: ver, êr; vis, is; video, ID; vestis, esthês; vitulus, italos; vomo, emeô; voco, epô; volvo, eilô; vinum, oinos; viola, ion; vespera, hespera; Vesta, Hestia; silva, hulê; ovis, oïs; divus, dios; aevum, aiôn; scaevus, skaios; vicus, oikos; levis, leios al. (For a full discussion of the sound of V, see Roby, Gram. I. praef. p. xxxiii. sqq.).—
    II.
    V has the closest affinity to the vowel u, and hence, in the course of composition and inflection, it often passed into the latter: solvo, solutum, from solvĭtum, solŭĭtum; caveo, cautum, from cavitum; fautor, from faveo; lautum, from lavo; nauta, from navita; audeo, cf. avidus; neu, seu, from neve, sive; tui, cf. Sanscr. tvam; sui, Sanscr. sva-; suavis, Sanscr. svadus, and is resolved into it by the poets from prosodial necessity: silŭa (trisyl.) for silva; dissŏlŭo, evŏlŭam (quadrisyl.), for dissolvam, evolvam; dissŏlŭenda, evolŭisse (quinquasyl.), for dissolvenda, evolvisse, etc., just as, for the same cause, although less freq., u passed into v: gēnva, tēnvis (dissyl.), for gēnŭa, tĕnŭis; tēnvĭa, tēnvĭus (trisyl.), for tĕnŭĭa, tĕnŭĭus.—For the affinity of v to b, v. the letter B.—
    III.
    V as a medial between two vowels was very freq. elided, esp. in inflection, and the word underwent in consequence a greater or less contraction: amavisti, amāsti; deleverunt, delērunt; novisti, nōsti; audivisti, audīsti, or audiisti; siveris, siris, or sieris; obliviscor, oblitus; dives, dis; aeviternus, aeternus; divitior, ditior; bovibus, bubus, etc.; providens, prudens; movimentum, momentum; provorsus, prorsus; si vis, sis; si vultis, sultis; Jovis pater, Juppiter; mage volo, mavolo, malo; non volo, nolo, etc. An example of the elision of v without a further contraction of the word is found in seorsus, from sevorsus (v. seorsus).—This etymological suppression of v is to be distinguished from its purely orthographical omission before or after u in ancient MSS. and inscriptions, as serus for servus, noum for novum, festius for festivus, Pacuius for Pacuvius; cf. the letters J and Q.—V is sometimes elided after a mute: dis for dvis from duo; likewise after s: sibi for svibi (from su-ibi); sis, sas, sos, for suis, suas, suos; sultis for si vultis; so Lat. si corresponds to Umbr. sve and Osc. svai; v. esp. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 310 sqq.—
    IV.
    As an abbreviation, V (as the sign of the consonant) stands for vir, vivus, vixit, voto, vale, verba, etc.; V. C., or also VC., vir clarissimus; VCP., voti compos posuit; V. V., virgo Vestalis; V. F. Q. D. E. R. F. P. D. E. R. I. C., verba fecerunt. Quid de eā re fieri placeret, de eā re ita censuerunt.—As a numeral, the letter V stands for half of the geometrical cross X or ten, Zumpt, Gr. § 115 Anm. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > V

  • 16 v

    V, v, a character derived from the Greek g, Mar. Victor. p. 2459 P. A consonant which, though originally written with the same sign as the vowel u (v. the letter U), was by the ancients themselves considered as essentially different from it, Charis. p. 57 P.; Diom. p. 416; 420 P.; Prisc. p. 539; 542; 544 sq. P.; Vel. Long. p. 2215; 2222 P.; just as the consonant i ( j) and the vowel i were regarded as two distinct letters; v. the letter J.
    I.
    The sound of V seems to have been the same with that of English initial W. It corresponded to the Æolic digamma;

    hence it is called,

    Quint. 12, 10, 29, Aeolica littera, and the emperor Claudius used the Greek digamma inverted F to represent it (because in its proper position it already formed the Latin letter F), Quint. 1, 7, 26; Prisc. p. 545 sq. P.; Gell. 14, 5, 2;

    v. also the inscrr. of the period during and immediately succeeding the reign of Claudius,

    Inscr. Orell. 710 sq.; Marini Atti, p. 97. In very many words which were originally common to both languages, the initial or medial v in Latin represents a lost digamma in Greek; cf.: ver, êr; vis, is; video, ID; vestis, esthês; vitulus, italos; vomo, emeô; voco, epô; volvo, eilô; vinum, oinos; viola, ion; vespera, hespera; Vesta, Hestia; silva, hulê; ovis, oïs; divus, dios; aevum, aiôn; scaevus, skaios; vicus, oikos; levis, leios al. (For a full discussion of the sound of V, see Roby, Gram. I. praef. p. xxxiii. sqq.).—
    II.
    V has the closest affinity to the vowel u, and hence, in the course of composition and inflection, it often passed into the latter: solvo, solutum, from solvĭtum, solŭĭtum; caveo, cautum, from cavitum; fautor, from faveo; lautum, from lavo; nauta, from navita; audeo, cf. avidus; neu, seu, from neve, sive; tui, cf. Sanscr. tvam; sui, Sanscr. sva-; suavis, Sanscr. svadus, and is resolved into it by the poets from prosodial necessity: silŭa (trisyl.) for silva; dissŏlŭo, evŏlŭam (quadrisyl.), for dissolvam, evolvam; dissŏlŭenda, evolŭisse (quinquasyl.), for dissolvenda, evolvisse, etc., just as, for the same cause, although less freq., u passed into v: gēnva, tēnvis (dissyl.), for gēnŭa, tĕnŭis; tēnvĭa, tēnvĭus (trisyl.), for tĕnŭĭa, tĕnŭĭus.—For the affinity of v to b, v. the letter B.—
    III.
    V as a medial between two vowels was very freq. elided, esp. in inflection, and the word underwent in consequence a greater or less contraction: amavisti, amāsti; deleverunt, delērunt; novisti, nōsti; audivisti, audīsti, or audiisti; siveris, siris, or sieris; obliviscor, oblitus; dives, dis; aeviternus, aeternus; divitior, ditior; bovibus, bubus, etc.; providens, prudens; movimentum, momentum; provorsus, prorsus; si vis, sis; si vultis, sultis; Jovis pater, Juppiter; mage volo, mavolo, malo; non volo, nolo, etc. An example of the elision of v without a further contraction of the word is found in seorsus, from sevorsus (v. seorsus).—This etymological suppression of v is to be distinguished from its purely orthographical omission before or after u in ancient MSS. and inscriptions, as serus for servus, noum for novum, festius for festivus, Pacuius for Pacuvius; cf. the letters J and Q.—V is sometimes elided after a mute: dis for dvis from duo; likewise after s: sibi for svibi (from su-ibi); sis, sas, sos, for suis, suas, suos; sultis for si vultis; so Lat. si corresponds to Umbr. sve and Osc. svai; v. esp. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 310 sqq.—
    IV.
    As an abbreviation, V (as the sign of the consonant) stands for vir, vivus, vixit, voto, vale, verba, etc.; V. C., or also VC., vir clarissimus; VCP., voti compos posuit; V. V., virgo Vestalis; V. F. Q. D. E. R. F. P. D. E. R. I. C., verba fecerunt. Quid de eā re fieri placeret, de eā re ita censuerunt.—As a numeral, the letter V stands for half of the geometrical cross X or ten, Zumpt, Gr. § 115 Anm. 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > v

  • 17 exigō

        exigō ēgī, āctus, ere    [ex + ago], to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take out, expel: reges ex civitate: hostem e campo, L.: post reges exactos: easdem (uxores), divorce, T.: suam (uxorem), turn out of the house: exigit Hebrus aquas, pours into the sea, O.: exactum ensem Fregit, by the thrust, O.: ensem per medium iuvenem, V.: (hasta) Cervice exacta est, passed through, O.— To drive away, hiss off (the stage): (fabulae) exigendae vobis, T. — To require, enforce, exact, demand, collect: ad pecunias exigendas legatos misimus: acerbissime pecuniae exigebantur: nomina sua: peditum numerum a civitatibus, Cs.: viam, demand the construction of: auspiciorum adhuc fides exigitur, further confirmation, Ta.— To export: agrorum fructūs, L.— To set right: ad perpendiculum columnas, set precisely upright.—Fig., to require, demand, claim, exact, insist: magis quam rogare: a teste veritatem: ius iurandum, L.: Has exegit gloria poenas, has cost, Iu.: de volnere poenas, O.: a violatoribus piacula, L.: ex te ut responderes: id ipsum, ut pereat, O.: a quoquam ne peieret, Iu.: in exigendo non acerbus.—Of time, to lead, spend, pass, complete, finish, close: cum maerore graviorem vitam, S.: exactā aetate mori, after a long life: hanc saepe exactā aetate usurpasse vocem, in old age, L.: per exactos annos, at the end of every year, H.: tribus exactis ubi quarta accesserit aestas, V.: spatiis exegit quattuor annum, O.— To conduct, superintend: aedīs privatas velut publicum opus, L.— To bring to an end, conclude, finish, complete: monumentum, H.: opus, O.: His demum exactis, V.— To determine, ascertain, find out: sociisque exacta referre, discoveries, V.: Non prius exactā ratione saporum, before he has ascertained, H.: non tamen exactum, quid agat, O.— To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider: ad vestras leges, quae Lacedaemone fiunt, estimate by the standard of, etc., L.: cultu ad luxuriam exacto, directed, Cu.: ad caelestia ritūs humanos, O.— To consider, deliberate on, take counsel upon: tempus secum, V.: talia secum, O.: non satis exactum, quid agam.
    * * *
    exigere, exegi, exactus V
    drive out, expel; finish; examine, weigh

    Latin-English dictionary > exigō

  • 18 ab

    ăb, ā, abs, prep. with abl. This IndoEuropean particle (Sanscr. apa or ava, Etr. av, Gr. upo, Goth. af, Old Germ. aba, New Germ. ab, Engl. of, off) has in Latin the following forms: ap, af, ab (av), au-, a, a; aps, abs, as-. The existence of the oldest form, ap, is proved by the oldest and best MSS. analogous to the prep. apud, the Sanscr. api, and Gr. epi, and by the weakened form af, which, by the rule of historical grammar and the nature of the Latin letter f, can be derived only from ap, not from ab. The form af, weakened from ap, also very soon became obsolete. There are but five examples of it in inscriptions, at the end of the sixth and in the course of the seventh century B. C., viz.:

    AF VOBEIS,

    Inscr. Orell. 3114;

    AF MVRO,

    ib. 6601;

    AF CAPVA,

    ib. 3308;

    AF SOLO,

    ib. 589;

    AF LYCO,

    ib. 3036 ( afuolunt =avolant, Paul. ex Fest. p. 26 Mull., is only a conjecture). In the time of Cicero this form was regarded as archaic, and only here and there used in account-books; v. Cic. Or. 47, 158 (where the correct reading is af, not abs or ab), and cf. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 7 sq.—The second form of this preposition, changed from ap, was ab, which has become the principal form and the one most generally used through all periods—and indeed the only oue used before all vowels and h; here and there also before some consonants, particularly l, n, r, and s; rarely before c, j, d, t; and almost never before the labials p, b, f, v, or before m, such examples as ab Massiliensibus, Caes. B. C. 1, 35, being of the most rare occurrence.—By changing the b of ab through v into u, the form au originated, which was in use only in the two compounds aufero and aufugio for abfero, ab-fugio; aufuisse for afuisse, in Cod. Medic. of Tac. A. 12, 17, is altogether unusual. Finally, by dropping the b of ab, and lengthening the a, ab was changed into a, which form, together with ab, predominated through all periods of the Latin language, and took its place before all consonants in the later years of Cicero, and after him almoet exclusively.—By dropping the b without lengthening the a, ab occurs in the form a- in the two compounds a-bio and a-perio, q. v.—On the other hand, instead of reducing ap to a and a, a strengthened collateral form, aps, was made by adding to ap the letter s (also used in particles, as in ex, mox, vix). From the first, aps was used only before the letters c, q, t, and was very soon changed into abs (as ap into ab):

    abs chorago,

    Plaut. Pers. 1, 3, 79 (159 Ritschl):

    abs quivis,

    Ter. Ad. 2, 3, 1:

    abs terra,

    Cato, R. R. 51;

    and in compounds: aps-cessero,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 24 (625 R.); id. ib. 3, 2, 84 (710 R): abs-condo, abs-que, abs-tineo, etc. The use of abs was confined almost exclusively to the combination abs te during the whole ante-classic period, and with Cicero till about the year 700 A. U. C. (=B. C. 54). After that time Cicero evidently hesitates between abs te and a te, but during the last five or six years of his life a te became predominant in all his writings, even in his letters; consequently abs te appears but rarely in later authors, as in Liv. 10, 19, 8; 26, 15, 12;

    and who, perhaps, also used abs conscendentibus,

    id. 28, 37, 2; v. Drakenb. ad. h. l. (Weissenb. ab).—Finally abs, in consequence of the following p, lost its b, and became ds- in the three compounds aspello, as-porto, and as-pernor (for asspernor); v. these words.—The late Lat. verb abbrevio may stand for adbrevio, the d of ad being assimilated to the following b.The fundamental signification of ab is departure from some fixed point (opp. to ad. which denotes motion to a point).
    I.
    In space, and,
    II.
    Fig., in time and other relations, in which the idea of departure from some point, as from source and origin, is included; Engl. from, away from, out of; down from; since, after; by, at, in, on, etc.
    I.
    Lit., in space: ab classe ad urbem tendunt, Att. ap. Non. 495, 22 (Trag. Rel. p. 177 Rib.):

    Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 7:

    fuga ab urbe turpissima,

    Cic. Att. 7, 21:

    ducite ab urbe domum, ducite Daphnim,

    Verg. E. 8, 68. Cicero himself gives the difference between ab and ex thus: si qui mihi praesto fuerit cum armatis hominibus extra meum fundum et me introire prohibuerit, non ex eo, sed ab ( from, away from) eo loco me dejecerit....Unde dejecti Galli? A Capitolio. Unde, qui cum Graccho fucrunt? Ex Capitolio, etc., Cic. Caecin. 30, 87; cf. Diom. p. 408 P., and a similar distinction between ad and in under ad.—Ellipt.: Diogenes Alexandro roganti, ut diceret, si quid opus esset: Nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a sole, a little out of the sun, Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 92. —Often joined with usque:

    illam (mulierem) usque a mari supero Romam proficisci,

    all the way from, Cic. Clu. 68, 192; v. usque, I.—And with ad, to denote the space passed over: siderum genus ab ortu ad occasum commeant, from... to, Cic. N. D. 2, 19 init.; cf. ab... in:

    venti a laevo latere in dextrum, ut sol, ambiunt,

    Plin. 2, 47, 48, § 128.
    b.
    Sometimes with names of cities and small islands, or with domus (instead of the usual abl.), partie., in militnry and nautieal language, to denote the marching of soldiers, the setting out of a flcet, or the departure of the inhabitants from some place:

    oppidum ab Aenea fugiente a Troja conditum,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 33:

    quemadmodum (Caesar) a Gergovia discederet,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 43 fin.; so id. ib. 7, 80 fin.; Sall. J. 61; 82; 91; Liv. 2, 33, 6 al.; cf.:

    ab Arimino M. Antonium cum cohortibus quinque Arretium mittit,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 11 fin.; and:

    protinus a Corfinio in Siciliam miserat,

    id. ib. 1, 25, 2:

    profecti a domo,

    Liv. 40, 33, 2;

    of setting sail: cum exercitus vestri numquam a Brundisio nisi hieme summa transmiserint,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 32; so id. Fam. 15, 3, 2; Caes. B. C. 3, 23; 3, 24 fin.:

    classe qua advecti ab domo fuerant,

    Liv. 8, 22, 6;

    of citizens: interim ab Roma legatos venisse nuntiatum est,

    Liv. 21, 9, 3; cf.:

    legati ab Orico ad M. Valerium praetorem venerunt,

    id. 24, 40, 2.
    c.
    Sometimes with names of persons or with pronouns: pestem abige a me, Enn. ap. Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 (Trag. v. 50 Vahl.):

    Quasi ad adulescentem a patre ex Seleucia veniat,

    Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 41; cf.:

    libertus a Fuflis cum litteris ad Hermippum venit,

    Cic. Fl. 20, 47:

    Nigidium a Domitio Capuam venisse,

    id. Att. 7, 24:

    cum a vobis discessero,

    id. Sen. 22:

    multa merces tibi defluat ab Jove Neptunoque,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 29 al. So often of a person instead of his house, lodging, etc.: videat forte hic te a patre aliquis exiens, from the father, i. e. from his house, Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 6:

    so a fratre,

    id. Phorm. 5, 1, 5:

    a Pontio,

    Cic. Att. 5, 3 fin.:

    ab ea,

    Ter. And. 1, 3, 21; and so often: a me, a nobis, a se, etc., from my, our, his house, etc., Plaut. Stich. 5, 1, 7; Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 50; Cic. Att. 4, 9, 1 al.
    B.
    Transf., without the idea of motion. To designate separation or distance, with the verbs abesse, distare, etc., and with the particles longe, procul, prope, etc.
    1.
    Of separation:

    ego te afuisse tam diu a nobis dolui,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 1, 2:

    abesse a domo paulisper maluit,

    id. Verr. 2, 4, 18, § 39:

    tum Brutus ab Roma aberat,

    Sall. C. 40, 5:

    absint lacerti ab stabulis,

    Verg. G. 4, 14.—
    2.
    Of distance:

    quot milia fundus suus abesset ab urbe,

    Cic. Caecin. 10, 28; cf.:

    nos in castra properabamus, quae aberant bidui,

    id. Att. 5, 16 fin.; and:

    hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 43, 1:

    terrae ab hujusce terrae, quam nos incolimus, continuatione distantes,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 66, 164:

    non amplius pedum milibus duobus ab castris castra distabant,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 82, 3; cf. id. lb. 1, 3, 103.—With adverbs: annos multos longinque ab domo bellum gerentes, Enn. ap. Non. 402, 3 (Trag. v. 103 Vahl.):

    cum domus patris a foro longe abesset,

    Cic. Cael. 7, 18 fin.; cf.:

    qui fontes a quibusdam praesidiis aberant longius,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 49, 5:

    quae procul erant a conspectu imperii,

    Cic. Agr. 2, 32, 87; cf.:

    procul a castris hostes in collibus constiterunt,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 17, 1; and:

    tu procul a patria Alpinas nives vides,

    Verg. E. 10, 46 (procul often also with simple abl.;

    v. procul): cum esset in Italia bellum tam prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6; cf.:

    tu apud socrum tuam prope a meis aedibus sedebas,

    id. Pis. 11, 26; and:

    tam prope ab domo detineri,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 6.—So in Caesar and Livy, with numerals to designate the measure of the distance:

    onerariae naves, quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento tenebatur,

    eight miles distant, Caes. B. G. 4, 22, 4; and without mentioning the terminus a quo: ad castra contenderunt, et ab milibus passunm minus duobus castra posuerunt, less than two miles off or distant, id. ib. 2, 7, 3; so id. ib. 2, 5, 32; 6, 7, 3; id. B. C. 1, 65; Liv. 38, 20, 2 (for which:

    duo milia fere et quingentos passus ab hoste posuerunt castra,

    id. 37, 38, 5). —
    3.
    To denote the side or direction from which an object is viewed in its local relations,=a parte, at, on, in: utrum hacin feriam an ab laeva latus? Enn. ap. Plaut. Cist. 3, 10 (Trag. v. 38 Vahl.); cf.:

    picus et cornix ab laeva, corvos, parra ab dextera consuadent,

    Plaut. As. 2, 1, 12: clamore ab ea parte audito. on this side, Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 4: Gallia Celtica attingit ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum, on the side of the Sequani, i. e. their country, id. ib. 1, 1, 5:

    pleraque Alpium ab Italia sicut breviora ita arrectiora sunt,

    on the Italian side, Liv. 21, 35, 11:

    non eadem diligentia ab decumuna porta castra munita,

    at the main entrance, Caes. B. G. 3, 25 fin.:

    erat a septentrionibus collis,

    on the north, id. ib. 7, 83, 2; so, ab oriente, a meridie, ab occasu; a fronte, a latere, a tergo, etc. (v. these words).
    II.
    Fig.
    A.
    In time.
    1.
    From a [p. 3] point of time, without reference to the period subsequently elapsed. After:

    Exul ab octava Marius bibit,

    Juv. 1,40:

    mulieres jam ab re divin[adot ] adparebunt domi,

    immediately after the sucrifice, Plaut. Poen. 3, 3, 4:

    Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dextrum cornu profectus,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

    ab hac contione legati missi sunt,

    immediately after, Liv. 24, 22, 6; cf. id. 28, 33, 1; 40, 47, 8; 40, 49, 1 al.:

    ab eo magistratu,

    after this office, Sall. J. 63, 5:

    a summa spe novissima exspectabat,

    after the greatest hope, Tac. A. 6, 50 fin. —Strengthened by the adverbs primum, confestim, statim, protinus, or the adj. recens, immediately after, soon after:

    ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni,

    Cic. Att. 1, 5, 4; so Suet. Tib. 68:

    confestim a proelio expugnatis hostium castris,

    Liv. 30, 36, 1:

    statim a funere,

    Suet. Caes. 85;

    and followed by statim: ab itinere statim,

    id. ib. 60:

    protinus ab adoptione,

    Vell. 2, 104, 3:

    Homerus qui recens ab illorum actate fuit,

    soon after their time, Cic. N. D. 3, 5; so Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 2; Verg. A. 6, 450 al. (v. also primum, confestim, etc.).—

    Sometimes with the name of a person or place, instead of an action: ibi mihi tuae litterae binae redditae sunt tertio abs te die,

    i. e. after their departure from you, Cic. Att. 5, 3, 1: in Italiam perventum est quinto mense a Carthagine Nov[adot ], i. e. after leaving (=postquam a Carthagine profecti sunt), Liv. 21, 38, 1:

    secundo Punico (bello) Scipionis classis XL. die a securi navigavit,

    i. e. after its having been built, Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192. —Hence the poct. expression: ab his, after this (cf. ek toutôn), i. e. after these words, hereupon, Ov. M. 3, 273; 4, 329; 8, 612; 9, 764.
    2.
    With reference to a subsequent period. From, since, after:

    ab hora tertia bibebatur,

    from the third hour, Cic. Phil. 2, 41:

    infinito ex tempore, non ut antea, ab Sulla et Pompeio consulibus,

    since the consulship of, id. Agr. 2, 21, 56:

    vixit ab omni aeternitate,

    from all eternity, id. Div. 1, 51, 115:

    cum quo a condiscipulatu vivebat conjunctissime,

    Nep. Att. 5, 3:

    in Lycia semper a terrae motu XL. dies serenos esse,

    after an earthquake, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211 al.:

    centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii,

    since the death of, Cic. Mil. 35, 98; cf.:

    cujus a morte quintus hic et tricesimus annus est,

    id. Sen. 6, 19; and:

    ab incenso Capitolio illum esse vigesumiun annum,

    since, Sall. C. 47, 2:

    diebus triginta, a qua die materia caesa est,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 36.—Sometimes joined with usque and inde:

    quod augures omnes usque ab Romulo decreverunt,

    since the time of, Cic. Vat. 8, 20:

    jam inde ab infelici pugna ceciderant animi,

    from the very beginning of, Liv. 2, 65 fin. —Hence the adverbial expressions ab initio, a principio, a primo, at, in, or from the beginning, at first; v. initium, principium, primus. Likewise ab integro, anew, afresh; v. integer.—Ab... ad, from (a time)... to:

    ab hora octava ad vesperum secreto collocuti sumus,

    Cic. Att. 7, 8, 4; cf.:

    cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 26, 2; and:

    a quo tempore ad vos consules anni sunt septingenti octoginta unus,

    Vell. 1, 8, 4; and so in Plautus strengthened by usque:

    pugnata pugnast usque a mane ad vesperum,

    from morning to evening, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 97; id. Most. 3, 1, 3; 3, 2, 80.—Rarely ab... in: Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie, from... till late in the day, Liv. 27, 2, 9; so Col. 2, 10, 17; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 2, 103, 106, § 229; 4, 12, 26, § 89.
    b.
    Particularly with nouns denoting a time of life:

    qui homo cum animo inde ab ineunte aetate depugnat suo,

    from an early age, from early youth, Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 24; so Cic. Off. 2, 13, 44 al.:

    mihi magna cum co jam inde a pueritia fuit semper famillaritas,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 9; so,

    a pueritia,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 11, 27 fin.; id. Fam. 5, 8, 4:

    jam inde ab adulescentia,

    Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 16:

    ab adulescentia,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 1:

    jam a prima adulescentia,

    id. Fam. 1, 9, 23:

    ab ineunte adulescentia,

    id. ib. 13, 21, 1; cf.

    followed by ad: usque ad hanc aetatem ab incunte adulescentia,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 20:

    a primis temporibus aetatis,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 3:

    a teneris unguiculis,

    from childhood, id. ib. 1, 6, 2:

    usque a toga pura,

    id. Att. 7, 8, 5:

    jam inde ab incunabulis,

    Liv. 4, 36, 5:

    a prima lanugine,

    Suet. Oth. 12:

    viridi ab aevo,

    Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 17 al.;

    rarely of animals: ab infantia,

    Plin. 10, 63, 83, § 182.—Instead of the nom. abstr. very often (like the Greek ek paioôn, etc.) with concrete substantives: a pucro, ab adulescente, a parvis, etc., from childhood, etc.:

    qui olim a puero parvulo mihi paedagogus fuerat,

    Plaut. Merc. 1, 1, 90; so,

    a pausillo puero,

    id. Stich. 1, 3, 21:

    a puero,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 36, 115; id. Fam. 13, 16, 4 (twice) al.:

    a pueris,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 24, 57; id. de Or. 1, 1, 2 al.:

    ab adulescente,

    id. Quint. 3, 12:

    ab infante,

    Col. 1, 8, 2:

    a parva virgine,

    Cat. 66, 26 al. —Likewise and in the same sense with adject.: a parvo, from a little child, or childhood, Liv. 1, 39, 6 fin.; cf.:

    a parvis,

    Ter. And. 3, 3, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

    a parvulo,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 8; id. Ad. 1, 1, 23; cf.:

    ab parvulis,

    Caes. B. G. 6, 21, 3:

    ab tenero,

    Col. 5, 6, 20;

    and rarely of animals: (vacca) a bima aut trima fructum ferre incipit,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 13.
    B.
    In other relations in which the idea of going forth, proceeding, from something is included.
    1.
    In gen. to denote departure, separation, deterring, avoiding, intermitting, etc., or distance, difference, etc., of inanimate or abstract things. From: jus atque aecum se a malis spernit procul, Enn. ap. Non. 399, 10 (Trag. v. 224 Vahl.):

    suspitionem et culpam ut ab se segregent,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 42:

    qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 18:

    hic ab artificio suo non recessit,

    id. ib. 1, 10, 20 al.:

    quod si exquiratur usque ab stirpe auctoritas,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 180:

    condicionem quam ab te peto,

    id. ib. 2, 4, 87; cf.:

    mercedem gloriae flagitas ab iis, quorum, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

    si quid ab illo acceperis,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 90:

    quae (i. e. antiquitas) quo propius aberat ab ortu et divina progenie,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

    ab defensione desistere,

    Caes. B. C. 2, 12, 4:

    ne quod tempus ab opere intermitteretur,

    id. B. G. 7, 24, 2:

    ut homines adulescentis a dicendi studio deterream,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 117, etc.—Of distance (in order, rank, mind, or feeling):

    qui quartus ab Arcesila fuit,

    the fourth in succession from, Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 46:

    tu nunc eris alter ab illo,

    next after him, Verg. E. 5, 49; cf.:

    Aiax, heros ab Achille secundus,

    next in rank to, Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

    quid hoc ab illo differt,

    from, Cic. Caecin. 14, 39; cf.:

    hominum vita tantum distat a victu et cultu bestiarum,

    id. Off. 2, 4, 15; and:

    discrepare ab aequitate sapientiam,

    id. Rep. 3, 9 fin. (v. the verbs differo, disto, discrepo, dissideo, dissentio, etc.):

    quae non aliena esse ducerem a dignitate,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 7:

    alieno a te animo fuit,

    id. Deiot. 9, 24 (v. alienus). —So the expression ab re (qs. aside from the matter, profit; cf. the opposite, in rem), contrary to one's profit, to a loss, disadvantageous (so in the affirmative very rare and only ante-class.):

    subdole ab re consulit,

    Plaut. Trin. 2, 1, 12; cf. id. Capt. 2, 2, 88; more frequently and class. (but not with Cicero) in the negative, non, haud, ab re, not without advantage or profit, not useless or unprofitable, adcantageous:

    haut est ab re aucupis,

    Plaut. As. 1, 3, 71:

    non ab re esse Quinctii visum est,

    Liv. 35, 32, 6; so Plin. 27, 8, 35; 31, 3, 26; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Dom. 11; Gell. 18, 14 fin.; App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 31, 22 al. (but in Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 44, ab re means with respect to the money matter).
    2.
    In partic.
    a.
    To denote an agent from whom an action proceeds, or by whom a thing is done or takes place. By, and in archaic and solemn style, of. So most frequently with pass. or intrans. verbs with pass. signif., when the active object is or is considered as a living being: Laudari me abs te, a laudato viro, Naev. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 31, 67: injuria abs te afficior, Enn. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 24, 38:

    a patre deductus ad Scaevolam,

    Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

    ut tamquam a praesentibus coram haberi sermo videretur,

    id. ib. 1, 3:

    disputata ab eo,

    id. ib. 1, 4 al.:

    illa (i. e. numerorum ac vocum vis) maxime a Graecia vetere celebrata,

    id. de Or. 3, 51, 197:

    ita generati a natura sumus,

    id. Off. 1, 29, 103; cf.:

    pars mundi damnata a rerum natura,

    Plin. 4, 12, 26, § 88:

    niagna adhibita cura est a providentia deorum,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 51 al. —With intrans. verbs:

    quae (i. e. anima) calescit ab eo spiritu,

    is warmed by this breath, Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 138; cf. Ov. M. 1, 417: (mare) qua a sole collucet, Cic. Ac. 2, 105:

    salvebis a meo Cicerone,

    i. e. young Cicero sends his compliments to you, id. Att. 6, 2 fin.:

    a quibus (Atheniensibus) erat profectus,

    i. e. by whose command, Nep. Milt. 2, 3:

    ne vir ab hoste cadat,

    Ov. H. 9, 36 al. —A substantive or adjective often takes the place of the verb (so with de, q. v.):

    levior est plaga ab amico quam a debitore,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 7; cf.:

    a bestiis ictus, morsus, impetus,

    id. Off. 2, 6, 19:

    si calor est a sole,

    id. N. D. 2, 52:

    ex iis a te verbis (for a te scriptis),

    id. Att. 16, 7, 5:

    metu poenae a Romanis,

    Liv. 32, 23, 9:

    bellum ingens a Volscis et Aequis,

    id. 3, 22, 2:

    ad exsolvendam fldem a consule,

    id. 27, 5, 6.—With an adj.:

    lassus ab equo indomito,

    Hor. S. 2, 2, 10:

    Murus ab ingenic notior ille tuo,

    Prop. 5, 1, 126:

    tempus a nostris triste malis,

    time made sad by our misfortunes, Ov. Tr. 4, 3, 36.—Different from per:

    vulgo occidebantur: per quos et a quibus?

    by whom and upon whose orders? Cic. Rosc. Am. 29, 80 (cf. id. ib. 34, 97: cujus consilio occisus sit, invenio; cujus manu sit percussus, non laboro); so,

    ab hoc destitutus per Thrasybulum (i. e. Thrasybulo auctore),

    Nep. Alc. 5, 4.—Ambiguity sometimes arises from the fact that the verb in the pass. would require ab if used in the active:

    si postulatur a populo,

    if the people demand it, Cic. Off. 2, 17, 58, might also mean, if it is required of the people; on the contrary: quod ab eo (Lucullo) laus imperatoria non admodum exspectabatur, not since he did not expect military renown, but since they did not expect military renown from him, Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 2, and so often; cf. Rudd. II. p. 213. (The use of the active dative, or dative of the agent, instead of ab with the pass., is well known, Zumpt, § 419. It is very seldom found in prose writers of the golden age of Roman liter.; with Cic. sometimes joined with the participles auditus, cognitus, constitutus, perspectus, provisus, susceptus; cf. Halm ad Cic. Imp. Pomp. 24, 71, and ad ejusdem, Cat. 1, 7 fin.; but freq. at a later period; e. g. in Pliny, in Books 2-4 of H. N., more than twenty times; and likewise in Tacitus seventeen times. Vid. the passages in Nipperd. ad Tac. A. 2, 49.) Far more unusual is the simple abl. in the designation of persons:

    deseror conjuge,

    Ov. H. 12, 161; so id. ib. 5, 75; id. M. 1, 747; Verg. A. 1, 274; Hor. C. 2, 4, 9; 1, 6, 2;

    and in prose,

    Quint. 3, 4, 2; Sen. Contr. 2, 1; Curt. 6, 7, 8; cf. Rudd. II. p. 212; Zumpt ad Quint. V. p. 122 Spalding.—Hence the adverbial phrase a se=uph heautou, sua sponte, of one's own uccord, spontaneously:

    ipsum a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 24, 78:

    (urna) ab se cantat quoja sit,

    Plaut. Rud. 2, 5, 21 (al. eapse; cf. id. Men. 1, 2, 66); so Col. 11, 1, 5; Liv. 44, 33, 6.
    b.
    With names of towns to denote origin, extraction, instead of gentile adjectives. From, of:

    pastores a Pergamide,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 1:

    Turnus ab Aricia,

    Liv. 1, 50, 3 (for which Aricinus, id. 1, 51, 1):

    obsides dant trecentos principum a Cora atque Pometia liberos,

    Liv. 2, 22, 2; and poet.: O longa mundi servator ab Alba, Auguste, thou who art descended from the old Alban race of kings (=oriundus, or ortus regibus Albanis), Prop. 5, 6, 37.
    c.
    In giving the etymology of a name: eam rem (sc. legem, Gr. nomon) illi Graeco putant nomine a suum cuique tribuendo appellatam, ego nostro a legendo, Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 19: annum intervallum regni fuit: id ab re... interregnum appellatum, Liv. 1, 17, 6:

    (sinus maris) ab nomine propinquae urbis Ambracius appellatus,

    id. 38, 4, 3; and so Varro in his Ling. Lat., and Pliny, in Books 1-5 of H. N., on almost every page. (Cf. also the arts. ex and de.)
    d.
    With verbs of beginning and repeating: a summo bibere, in Plaut. to drink in succession from the one at the head of the table:

    da, puere, ab summo,

    Plaut. As. 5, 2, 41; so,

    da ab Delphio cantharum circum, id Most. 1, 4, 33: ab eo nobis causa ordienda est potissimum,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 21:

    coepere a fame mala,

    Liv. 4, 12, 7:

    cornicem a cauda de ovo exire,

    tail-foremost, Plin. 10, 16, 18:

    a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,

    Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18 al.
    e.
    With verbs of freeing from, defending, or protecting against any thing:

    a foliis et stercore purgato,

    Cato, R. R. 65 (66), 1:

    tantumne ab re tuast oti tibi?

    Ter. Heaut. 1, [p. 4] 1, 23; cf.:

    Saguntini ut a proeliis quietem habuerant,

    Liv. 21, 11, 5:

    expiandum forum ab illis nefarii sceleris vestigiis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 4, 11:

    haec provincia non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calamitatis est defendenda,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 6, 14 (v. defendo):

    ab incendio urbem vigiliis munitam intellegebat,

    Sall. C. 32:

    ut neque sustinere se a lapsu possent,

    Liv. 21, 35, 12:

    ut meam domum metueret atque a me ipso caveret,

    Cic. Sest. 64, 133.
    f.
    With verbs of expecting, fearing, hoping, and the like, ab =a parte, as, Cic. Att. 9, 7, 4: cum eadem metuam ab hac parte, since I fear the same from this side; hence, timere, metuere ab aliquo, not, to be afraid of any one, but, to fear something (proceeding from) from him:

    el metul a Chryside,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 79; cf.:

    ab Hannibale metuens,

    Liv. 23, 36; and:

    metus a praetore,

    id. 23, 15, 7;

    v. Weissenb. ad h. l.: a quo quidem genere, judices, ego numquam timui,

    Cic. Sull. 20, 59:

    postquam nec ab Romanis robis ulla est spes,

    you can expect nothing from the Romans, Liv. 21, 13, 4.
    g.
    With verbs of fastening and holding:

    funiculus a puppi religatus,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 51, 154:

    cum sinistra capillum ejus a vertice teneret,

    Q. Cic. Pet. Cons. 3.
    h.
    Ulcisci se ab aliquo, to take vengeance on one:

    a ferro sanguis humanus se ulciscitur,

    Plin. 34, 14, 41 fin.
    i.
    Cognoscere ab aliqua re to knoio or learn by means of something (different from ab aliquo, to learn from some one):

    id se a Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 22.
    j.
    Dolere, laborare, valere ab, instead of the simple abl.:

    doleo ab animo, doleo ab oculis, doleo ab aegritudine,

    Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 62:

    a morbo valui, ab animo aeger fui,

    id. Ep. 1, 2, 26; cf. id. Aul. 2, 2, 9:

    a frigore et aestu ne quid laborent,

    Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17; so,

    a frigore laborantibus,

    Plin. 32, 10, 46, § 133; cf.:

    laborare ab re frumentaria,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1; id. B. C. 3, 9; v. laboro.
    k.
    Where verbs and adjectives are joined with ab, instead of the simple abl., ab defines more exactly the respect in which that which is expressed by the verb or adj. is to be understood, in relation to, with regard to, in respect to, on the part of:

    ab ingenio improbus,

    Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 59:

    a me pudica'st,

    id. Curc. 1, 1, 51:

    orba ab optimatibus contio,

    Cic. Fl. 23, 54; ro Ov. H. 6,156: securos vos ab hac parte reddemus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24 fin. (v. securus):

    locus copiosus a frumento,

    Cic. Att. 5, 18, 2; cf.:

    sumus imparati cum a militibas tum a pecunia,

    id. ib. 7, 15 fin.:

    ille Graecus ab omni laude felicior,

    id. Brut. 16, 63:

    ab una parte haud satis prosperuin,

    Liv. 1, 32, 2 al.;

    so often in poets ab arte=arte,

    artfully, Tib. 1, 5, 4; 1, 9, 66; Ov. Am. 2, 4, 30.
    l.
    In the statement of the motive instead of ex, propter, or the simple abl. causae, from, out of, on account of, in consequence of: ab singulari amore scribo, Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, B fin.:

    linguam ab irrisu exserentem,

    thrusting out the tongue in derision, Liv. 7, 10, 5:

    ab honore,

    id. 1, 8; so, ab ira, a spe, ab odio, v. Drak. ad Liv. 24, 30, 1: 26, 1, 3; cf. also Kritz and Fabri ad Sall. J. 31, 3, and Fabri ad Liv. 21, 36, 7.
    m.
    Especially in the poets instead of the gen.:

    ab illo injuria,

    Ter. And. 1, 1, 129:

    fulgor ab auro,

    Lucr. 2, 5:

    dulces a fontibus undae,

    Verg. G. 2, 243.
    n.
    In indicating a part of the whole, for the more usual ex, of, out of:

    scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1:

    nonnuill ab novissimis,

    id. ib.; Cic. Sest. 65, 137; cf. id. ib. 59 fin.: a quibus (captivis) ad Senatum missus (Regulus).
    o.
    In marking that from which any thing proceeds, and to which it belongs:

    qui sunt ab ea disciplina,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 3, 7:

    ab eo qui sunt,

    id. Fin. 4, 3, 7:

    nostri illi a Platone et Aristotele aiunt,

    id. Mur. 30, 63 (in imitation of oi upo tinos).
    p.
    To designate an office or dignity (with or without servus; so not freq. till after the Aug. period;

    in Cic. only once): Pollex, servus a pedibus meus,

    one of my couriers, Cic. Att. 8, 5, 1; so,

    a manu servus,

    a secretary, Suet. Caes. 74: Narcissum ab eplstulis ( secretary) et Pallantem a rationibus ( accountant), id. Claud. 28; and so, ab actis, ab admissione, ab aegris, ab apotheca, ab argento, a balneis, a bibliotheca, a codicillis, a jumentis, a potione, etc. (v. these words and Inscr. Orell. vol. 3, Ind. xi. p. 181 sq.).
    q.
    The use of ab before adverbs is for the most part peculiar to later Latinity:

    a peregre,

    Vitr. 5, 7 (6), 8:

    a foris,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37; Vulg. Gen, 7, 16; ib. Matt. 23, 27:

    ab intus,

    ib. ib. 7, 15:

    ab invicem,

    App. Herb. 112; Vulg. Matt. 25, 32; Cypr. Ep. 63, 9: Hier. Ep. 18:

    a longe,

    Hyg. Fab. 257; Vulg. Gen. 22, 4; ib. Matt. 26, 58:

    a modo,

    ib. ib. 23, 39;

    Hier. Vit. Hilar.: a nune,

    Vulg. Luc. 1, 48:

    a sursum,

    ib. Marc. 15, 38.
    ► a.
    Ab is not repeated like most other prepositions (v. ad, ex, in, etc.) with pron. interrog. or relat. after subst. and pron. demonstr. with ab:

    Arsinoen, Stratum, Naupactum...fateris ab hostibus esse captas. Quibus autem hostibus? Nempe iis, quos, etc.,

    Cic. Pis. 37, 91:

    a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit. Quibus? An iis, quae in juventute geruntur et viribus?

    id. Sen. 6:

    a Jove incipiendum putat. Quo Jove?

    id. Rep. 1, 36, 56:

    res publica, quascumque vires habebit, ab iis ipsis, quibus tenetur, de te propediem impetrabit,

    id. Fam. 4, 13, 5.—
    b.
    Ab in Plantus is once put after the word which it governs: quo ab, As. 1, 1, 106.—
    c.
    It is in various ways separated from the word which it governs:

    a vitae periculo,

    Cic. Brut. 91, 313:

    a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo,

    id. Arch. 6, 12:

    a minus bono,

    Sall. C. 2, 6:

    a satis miti principio,

    Liv. 1, 6, 4:

    damnis dives ab ipsa suis,

    Ov. H. 9, 96; so id. ib. 12, 18; 13, 116.—
    d.
    The poets join a and que, making aque; but in good prose que is annexed to the following abl. (a meque, abs teque, etc.):

    aque Chao,

    Verg. G. 4, 347:

    aque mero,

    Ov. M. 3, 631:

    aque viro,

    id. H. 6, 156:

    aque suis,

    id. Tr. 5, 2, 74 al. But:

    a meque,

    Cic. Fam. 2, 16, 1:

    abs teque,

    id. Att. 3, 15, 4:

    a teque,

    id. ib. 8, 11, §

    7: a primaque adulescentia,

    id. Brut. 91, 315 al. —
    e.
    A Greek noun joined with ab stands in the dat.: a parte negotiati, hoc est pragmatikê, removisse, Quint. 3, 7, 1.
    III.
    In composition ab,
    1.
    Retains its original signif.: abducere, to take or carry away from some place: abstrahere, to draw auay; also, downward: abicere, to throw down; and denoting a departure from the idea of the simple word, it has an effect apparently privative: absimilis, departing from the similar, unlike: abnormis, departing from the rule, unusual (different from dissimilis, enormis); and so also in amens=a mente remotus, alienus ( out of one's senses, without self-control, insane): absurdus, missounding, then incongruous, irrational: abutor (in one of its senses), to misuse: aborior, abortus, to miscarry: abludo; for the privative force the Latin regularly employs in-, v. 2. in.—
    2.
    It more rarely designates completeness, as in absorbere, abutor ( to use up). (The designation of the fourth generation in the ascending or descending line by ab belongs here only in appearance; as abavus for quartus pater, great-great-grandfather, although the Greeks introduced upopappos; for the immutability of the syllable ab in abpatrnus and abmatertera, as well as the signif. Of the word abavus, grandfather's grandfather, imitated in abnepos, grandchild's grandchild, seems to point to a derivation from avi avus, as Festus, p. 13 Mull., explains atavus, by atta avi, or, rather, attae avus.)

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ab

  • 19 adhuc

    ăd-huc, adv.
    I.
    Prop., of place, to this place, hitherto, thus far (designating the limit, inclusive of the whole space traversed: hence often joined with usque; cf.

    ad, A. 1. B.): conveniunt adhuc utriusque verba,

    thus far, to this point, the statements of both agree, Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 20:

    adhuc ea dixi, causa cur Zenoni non fuisset,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 16, 44; cf. Auct. Her. 1, 9, 16:

    his oris, quas angulo Baeticae adhuc usque perstrinximus,

    Mel. 3, 6, 1.—Hence, in the desig. of measure or degree, so far, to such a degree:

    et ipse Caesar erat adhuc impudens, qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu teneret,

    Cic. Fam. 16, 11, 4; so Liv. 21, 18, 4; Quint. 2, 19, 2; 8, 5, 20.—More frequently,
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    Of time, until now, hitherto, as yet (designating the limit, together with the period already passed; cf.

    ad, 1. B.): res adhuc quidem hercle in tuto est,

    Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 48:

    celabitur itidem ut celata adhuc est,

    Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 20:

    sicut adhuc fecerunt, speculabuntur,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 6:

    ille vidit non modo, quot fuissent adhuc philosophorum de summo bono, sed quot omnino esse possent sententiae,

    id. Fin. 5, 6, 16:

    haec adhuc (sc. acta sunt): sed ad praeterita revertamur,

    id. Att. 5, 20; so ib. 3, 14 fin.; 5, 17, 46; id. Agr. 3, 1, 1:

    Britanni, qui adhuc pugnae expertes,

    Tac. Agr. 37; so Curt. 7, 7, 8 al.—With usque or semper:

    usque adhuc actum est probe,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 107; so id. Ps. 4, 7, 14; Ter. And. 1, 5, 27; id. Ad. 4, 4, 23; 5, 4, 5; id. Hec. 4, 1, 29; Cic. Rep. 2, 20:

    quod adhuc semper tacui et tacendum putavi,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 119.—With dum in subordinate propositions, for the purpose of more accurate desig. of time:

    quae adhuc te carens, dum hic fui, sustentabam,

    what I have endured during the whole time that I have been here, until now, Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 4:

    adhuc dum mihi nullo loco deesse vis, numquam te confirmare potuisti,

    Cic. Fam. 16, 4; so ib. 18.—Hence the adverbial expression (occurring once in Plautus): adhuc locorum, until now, hitherto: ut adhuc locorum feci, faciam sedulo, Capt. 2, 3, 25.— Adhuc denotes not merely a limitation of time in the present, but also, though more rarely, like usque eo and ad id tempus, and the Engl. as yet, in the past:

    adhuc haec erant, ad reliqua alacri tendebamus animo,

    Cic. Div. 2, 2, 4:

    Abraham vero adhuc stabat,

    Vulg. Gen. 18, 22:

    unam adhuc a te epistulam acceperam,

    Cic. Att. 7, 2:

    cum adhuc sustinuisset multos dies,

    Vulg. Act. 18, 18:

    scripsi etiam illud quodam in libello... disertos me cognōsse nonnullos, eloquentem adhuc neminem,

    id. de Or. 1, 21:

    una adhuc victoria Carus Metius censebatur,

    Tac. Agr. 45.—
    B.
    Adhuc non, or neque adhuc, not as yet, not to this time: nihil adhuc, nothing as yet, or not at all as yet: numquam adhuc, never as yet, never yet:

    cupidissimi veniendi maximis injuriis affecti, adhuc non venerunt,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 27, 65:

    me adhuc non legisse turpe utrique nostrum est,

    id. Fam. 7, 24, 7; so id. 3, 8, 25; 6, 14; 14, 6, 2; Mart. 7, 89, 10:

    cui neque fulgor adhuc nec dum sua forma recessit,

    Verg. A. 11, 70:

    nihil adhuc peccavit etiam,

    Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 78:

    nihil adhuc est, quod vereare,

    Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 1:

    sed quod quaeris, quando, qua, quo, nihil adhuc scimus,

    Cic. Fam. 9, 7, 4; so 9, 17, 7; Caes. B. C. 3, 57; Nep. Milt. 5:

    numquam etiam quicquam adhuc verborum est prolocutus perperam,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 92; cf. id. Capt. 5, 2, 7.—
    C.
    For etiam nunc, yet, still; to denote continuance (apparently not used by Cic.):

    stertis adhuc?

    are you still snoring? Pers. 3, 58;

    adhuc tranquilla res est,

    it is still quiet, Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 15; so id. Ad. 1, 2, 42:

    Ephesi regem est consecutus fluctuantem adhuc animo,

    Liv. 33, 49, 7; so 21, 43, 14; Tac. A. 1, 8, 17; id. H. 2, 44, 73; 4, 17; id. Germ. 28; Suet. Aug. 56, 69; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 1; Curt. 8, 6, 18: quinque satis fuerant; nam sex septemve libelli est nimium: quid adhuc ludere, Musa, juvat? why play still, still more, or further? Mart. 8, 3; so id. 4, 91.—
    D.
    Hence also to denote that a thing is still remaining or existing:

    at in veterum comicorum adhuc libris invenio,

    I yet find in the old comic poets, Quint. 1, 7, 22:

    quippe tres adhuc legiones erant,

    were still left, Tac. H. 3, 9; so id. G. 34; id. Ann. 2, 26; Mart. 7, 44, 1.—With vb. omitted:

    si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem,

    Verg. A. 4, 319.—
    E.
    To denote that a thing has only reached a certain point, now first, just now: cum adhuc ( now for the first time) naso odos obsecutus es meo, da vicissim meo gutturi gaudium, Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 9:

    gangraenam vero, si nondum plane tenet, sed adhuc incipit, curare non difficillimum est,

    Cels. 5, 26, 34; so Mart. 13, 102.—Hence, with deinde or aliquando following:

    quam concedis adhuc artem omnino non esse, sed aliquando,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 58, 246:

    senatus priusquam edicto convocaretur ad curiam concurrit, obseratisque adhuc foribus, deinde apertis, tantas mortuo gratias agit, etc.,

    Suet. Tit. 11; so Tac. A. 11, 23.—
    F.
    To denote that a thing had reached a certain limit before another thing happened (in prose only after Livy), still, yet, while yet:

    inconditam multitudinem adhuc disjecit,

    he dispersed the multitude while yet unarranged, Tac. A. 3, 42.—
    G.
    For etiam, insuper, praeterea, to denote that a thing occurs beside or along with another (belonging perhaps only to popular language, hence once in Plaut., and to the post-Aug. per.), besides, further, moreover:

    addam minam adhuc istic postea,

    Plaut. Truc. 5, 18:

    unam rem adhuc adiciam,

    Sen. Q. N. 4, 8:

    sunt adhuc aliquae non omittendae in auro differentiae,

    Plin. 33, 2, 10, § 37; so Quint. 2, 21, 6; 9, 4, 34; Val. Fl. 8, 429; Tac. A. 1, 17; id. Agr. 29; ib. 33; Flor. 1, 13, 17; Vulg. Amos, 4, 7; ib. Joan. 16, 12; ib. Heb. 11, 32.—
    H.
    In later Lat. adhuc is used like etiam in the Cic. per., = eti, yet, still, for the sake of emphasis in comparisons; then, if it cnhances the comparative, it stands before it; but follows it, if that which the comp. expresses is added by way of augmentation; as, he has done a still greater thing, and he has still done a greater thing (this is the view of Hand, Turs. I. p. 166):

    tum Callicles adhuc concitatior,

    Quint. 2, 15, 28:

    adhuc difficilior observatio est per tenores,

    id. 1, 5, 22:

    si marmor illi (Phidiae), si adhuc viliorem materiem obtulisses, fecisset, etc.,

    Sen. Ep. 85, 34:

    adhuc diligentius,

    Plin. 18, 4: cui gloriae amplior [p. 36] adhuc ex opportunitate cumulus accessit, Suet. Tib. 17:

    Di faveant, majora adhuc restant,

    Curt. 9, 6, 23; so Quint. 10, 1, 99; Tac. G. 19; Suet. Ner. 10.
    I.
    Adhuc sometimes = adeo, even (in the connection, et adhuc, -que adhuc; v. adeo, II.).
    a.
    Ita res successit meliusque adhuc, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 18:

    Tellurem Nymphasque et adhuc ignota precatur flumina,

    Verg. A. 7, 137:

    Nil parvum sapias et adhuc sublimia cures,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 12, 15; so ib. 2, 2, 114; Liv. 22, 49, 10; Sen. Ep. 49, 4.—
    b.
    Absol.:

    gens non astuta nec callida aperit adhuc secreta pectoris licentiā joci,

    Tac. G. 22:

    cetera similes Batavis, nisi quod ipso adhuc terrae suae solo et caelo acrius animantur,

    ib. 29, 3 (cf.: ipse adeo under adeo, II., and at the end); so Stat. S. 1, 2, 55.—See more upon this word, Hand, Turs. I. pp. 156-167.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > adhuc

  • 20 auctor

    auctor (incorrectly written autor or author), ōris, comm. [id.], he that brings about the existence of any object, or promotes the increase or prosperity of it, whether he first originates it, or by his efforts gives greater permanence or continuance to it; to be differently translated according to the object, creator, maker, author, inventor, producer, father, founder, teacher, composer, cause, voucher, supporter, leader, head, etc. (syn.: conditor, origo, consiliarius, lator, suasor, princeps, dux).
    I.
    Lit.
    A.
    Of persons, a progenitor, father, ancestor:

    L. Brutus, praeclarus auctor nobilitatis tuae,

    the founder, progenitor of your nobility, Cic. Tusc. 4, 1, 2:

    generis,

    Verg. A. 4, 365; so Ov. M. 4, 640, and Suet. Vit. 2:

    tu sanguinis ultimus auctor,

    Verg. A. 7, 49; so Ov. M. 12, 558, and 13, 142:

    tantae propaginis,

    id. F. 3, 157:

    originis,

    Suet. Ner. 1:

    gentis,

    id. Claud. 25:

    auctores parentes animarum,

    Vulg. Sap. 12, 6:

    auctore ab illo ducit originem,

    Hor. C. 3, 17, 5:

    Sive neglectum genus et nepotes Respicis auctor,

    id. ib. 1, 2, 36:

    mihi Tantalus auctor,

    Ov. M. 6, 172:

    auctores saxa fretumque tui,

    id. H. 10, 132:

    Juppiter e terrā genitam mentitur, ut auctor Desinat inquiri,

    id. M. 1, 615.—Of animals, Col. 6, 27, 1.—
    B.
    Of buildings, etc., founder, builder:

    Trojae Cynthius auctor,

    Verg. G. 3, 36:

    murorum Romulus auctor,

    Prop. 5, 6, 43 ( augur, Müll.):

    auctor posuisset in oris Moenia,

    Ov. M. 15, 9:

    porticus auctoris Livia nomen habet,

    id. A. A. 1, 72:

    amphitheatri,

    Plin. 36, 15, 24, § 118:

    omnia sub titulo tantum suo ac sine ullā pristini auctoris memoriā,

    Suet. Dom. 5.—
    C.
    Of works of art, a maker, artist:

    statua auctoris incerti,

    Plin. 34, 8, 19, § 93: apparuit summam artis securitatem auctori placaisse, id. praef. § 27.—
    II.
    Transf.
    A.
    In gen., the originator, executor, performer, doer, cause, occasion of other things (freq. interchanged with actor):

    tametsi haud quaquam par gloriá sequitur scriptorem et auctorem rerum, tamen etc.,

    Sall. C. 3, 2 Kritz (cf. without rerum: Suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt, id. J. 1, 4):

    praeclari facinoris,

    Vell. 2, 120, 6:

    facti,

    Ov. M. 9, 206; Vell. 1, 8:

    cum perquirerent auctorem facti,

    Vulg. Jud. 6, 29:

    optimi statūs auctor,

    Suet. Aug. 28:

    honoris,

    Ov. M. 10, 214:

    vitae,

    Vulg. Act. 3, 15:

    salutis,

    ib. Heb. 2, 10:

    fidei,

    ib. ib. 12, 2:

    funeris,

    Ov. M. 10, 199:

    necis,

    id. ib. 8, 449;

    9, 214: mortis,

    id. ib. 8, 493:

    vulneris,

    id. ib. 5, 133;

    8, 418: plagae,

    id. ib. 3, 329:

    seditionis sectae,

    Vulg. Act. 24, 5.—Also, in gen., one from whom any thing proceeds or comes:

    auctor in incerto est: jaculum de parte sinistrā Venit,

    i. e. the sender, Ov. M. 12, 419; so,

    teli,

    id. ib. 8, 349:

    muneris,

    the giver, id. ib. 2, 88;

    5, 657, 7, 157 al.: meritorum,

    id. ib. 8, 108 al.—
    B.
    An author of scientific or literary productions.
    1.
    An investigator:

    non sordidus auctor Naturae verique,

    Hor. C. 1, 28, 14.—And as imparting learning, a teacher:

    quamquam in antiquissimā philosophiā Cratippo auctore versaris,

    Cic. Off. 2, 2, 8:

    dicendi gravissimus auctor et magister Plato,

    id. Or. 3, 10:

    divini humanique juris auctor celeberrimus,

    Vell. 2, 26, 2:

    Servius Sulpicius, juris civilis auctor,

    Gell. 2, 10; Dig. 19, 1, 39; 40, 7, 36.—
    2.
    The author of a writing, a writer:

    ii quos nunc lectito auctores,

    Cic. Att. 12, 18:

    ingeniosus poëta et auctor valde bonus,

    id. Mur. 14:

    scripta auctori perniciosa suo,

    Ov. Tr. 5, 1, 68:

    Belli Alexandrini Africique et Hispaniensis incertus auctor est,

    Suet. Caes. 56; id. Aug. 31:

    sine auctore notissimi versus,

    i. e. anonymous verses, id. ib. 70; so id. Calig. 8; id. Dom. 8 al.— Meton. of cause for effect, for a literary production, writing, work:

    in evolvendis utriusque linguae auctoribus, etc.,

    Suet. Aug. 89. —In partic., the author of historical works, an historian (with and without rerum):

    ego cautius posthac historiam attingam, te audiente, quem rerum Romanarum auctorem laudare possum religiosissimum,

    Cic. Brut. 11, 44; so,

    Matrem Antoniam non apud auctores rerum, non diurnā actorum scripturā reperio ullo insigni officio functam,

    Tac. A. 3, 3; 3, 30 (diff. from auctor rerum in II. A.):

    Polybius bonus auctor in primis,

    Cic. Off. 3, 32, 113; so Nep. Them. 10, 4; Liv. 4, 20; Tac. A. 5, 9; 14, 64 al.—With historiae (eccl. Lat.):

    historiae congruit auctori,

    Vulg. 2 Macc. 2, 31.—Hence, in gen., one that gives an account of something, a narrator, reporter, informant (orally or in writing):

    sibi insidias fieri: se id certis auctoribus comperisse,

    Cic. Att. 14, 8:

    celeberrimos auctores habeo tantam victoribus irreverentiam fuisse, ut, etc.,

    Tac. H. 3, 51:

    criminis ficti auctor, i. e. nuntius,

    Ov. M. 7, 824:

    Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor Ambiguus,

    id. ib. 11, 666; 12, 58; 12, 61; 12, 532.—Hence, auctorem esse, with acc. and inf., to relate, recount:

    Auctores sunt ter novenis punctis interfici hominem,

    Plin. 11, 21, 24, § 73:

    Fabius Rustiçus auctor est scriptos esse ad Caecinam Tuscum codicillos,

    Tac. A. 13, 20:

    Auctor est Julius Marathus ante paucos quam nasceretur menses prodigium Romae factum (esse) publice, etc.,

    Suet. Aug. 94 et saep.—
    C.
    One by whose influence, advice, command, etc., any thing is done, the cause, occasion, contriver, instigator, counsellor, adviser, promoter; constr. sometimes with ut, acc. and inf., or gen. gerund.: quid mihi es auctor ( what do you counsel me?) huic ut mittam? Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 2; 4, 7, 70; id. Poen. 1, 3, 1:

    idne estis auctores mihi?

    Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 16:

    mihique ut absim, vehementer auctor est,

    Cic. Att. 15, 5:

    Gellium ipsis (philosophis) magno opere auctorem fuisse, ut controversiarum facerent modum,

    id. Leg. 1, 20, 53:

    ut propinqui de communi sententiā coërcerent, auctor fuit,

    Suet. Tib. 35; id. Claud. 25; id. Calig. 15:

    a me consilium petis, qui sim tibi auctor in Siciliāne subsidas, an proficiscare,

    Cic. Fam. 6, 8: ego quidem tibi non sim auctor, si Pompeius Italiam reliquit, te quoque profugere, Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10:

    ne auctor armorum duxque deesset, Auct. B. G. 8, 47: auctor facinori non deerat,

    Liv. 2, 54:

    auctores Bibulo fuere tantundem pollicendi,

    Suet. Caes. 19:

    auctores restituendae tribuniciae potestatis,

    id. ib. 5; so id. Dom. 8:

    auctor singulis universisque conspirandi simul et ut... communem causam juvarent,

    id. Galb. 10 al. —So freq. in the abl. absol.: me, te, eo auctore, at my, your, his instance, by my [p. 199] advice, command, etc.:

    non me quidem Faciet auctore, hodie ut illum decipiat,

    Plaut. Stich. 4, 2, 23:

    an paenitebat flagiti, te auctore quod fecisset Adulescens?

    Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 12:

    quare omnes istos me auctore deridete atque contemnite,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 14, 54:

    quia calida fomenta non proderant, frigidis curari coactus auctore Antonio Musā,

    Suet. Aug. 81; 96; id. Galb. 19; id. Vit. 2 al.: agis Carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum, the promoters or authors of spells, Ov. M. 7, 148.—
    2.
    Esp., in political lang., t. t.
    a.
    Auctor legis.
    (α).
    One who proposes a law, a mover, proposer (very rare):

    quarum legum auctor fuerat, earum suasorem se haud dubium ferebat,

    Liv. 6, 36:

    Quid desperatius, qui ne ementiendo quidem potueris auctorem adumbrare meliorem,

    Cic. Dom. 30, 80.—
    (β).
    One who advises the proposal of a law, and exerts all his influence to have it passed, a supporter (stronger than suasor; cf. Suet. Tib. 27:

    alium dicente, auctore eo Senatum se adīsse, verba mutare et pro auctore suasorem dicere coegit): isti rationi neque lator quisquam est inventus neque auctor umquam bonus,

    Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 34:

    cum ostenderem, si lex utilis plebi Romanae mihi videretur, auctorem me atque adjutorem futurum (esse),

    id. Agr. 2, 5; id. Att. 1, 19:

    quo auctore societatem cum Perseo junxerunt,

    Liv. 45, 31; Suet. Oth. 8; id. Vesp. 11 al.—Sometimes in connection with suasor:

    atque hujus deditionis ipse Postumius suasor et auctor fuit,

    Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109:

    Nisi quis retinet, idem suasor auctorque consilii ero,

    Tac. H. 3, 2 al. —
    (γ).
    Of a senate which accepts or adopts a proposition for a law, a confirmer, ratifier:

    nunc cum loquar apud senatores populi Romani, legum et judiciorum et juris auctores,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 67.— Poet., in gen., a law-giver:

    animum ad civilia vertet Jura suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor,

    Ov. M. 15, 833;

    and of one who establishes conditions of peace: leges captis justissimus auctor imposuit,

    id. ib. 8, 101. —Hence, auctores fieri, to approve, accept, confirm a law:

    cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat, patres ante auctores fieri coëgerit,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 55:

    Decreverunt ut, cum populus regem jussisset, id sic ratum esset, si patres auctores fierent,

    Liv. 1, 17; 1, 22; 2, 54; 2, 56; 6, 42; 8, 12 al.—
    b.
    Auctor consilii publici, he who has the chief voice in the senate, a leader:

    hunc rei publicae rectorem et consilii publici auctorem esse habendum,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 211; 3, 17, 63. —Also absol.:

    regem Ariobarzanem, cujus salutem a senatu te auctore, commendatam habebam,

    by your influence, and the decree of the senate occasioned by it, Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 6; cf. Gron. ad Liv. 24, 43.—
    D.
    One who is an exemplar, a model, pattern, type of any thing:

    Caecilius, malus auctor Latinitatis,

    Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10:

    nec litterarum Graecarum, nec philosophiae jam ullum auctorem requiro,

    id. Ac. 2, 2, 5; cf.

    Wopk. Lect. Tull. p. 34: unum cedo auctorem tui facti, unius profer exemplum,

    i. e. who has done a similar thing, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 26:

    Cato omnium virtutum auctor,

    id. Fin. 4, 16, 44 al. —
    E.
    One that becomes security for something, a voucher, bail, surety, witness:

    id ita esse ut credas, rem tibi auctorem dabo,

    Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 70:

    auctorem rumorem habere,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 19: fama nuntiabat te esse in Syriā;

    auctor erat nemo,

    id. Fam. 12, 4:

    non si mihi Juppiter auctor Spondeat,

    Verg. A. 5, 17:

    gravis quamvis magnae rei auctor,

    Liv. 1, 16:

    auctorem levem, nec satis fidum super tantā re Patres rati,

    id. 5, 15 fin.:

    urbs auspicato deis auctoribus in aeternum condita,

    under the guaranty of the gods, id. 28, 28.—Also with acc. and inf.:

    auctores sumus tutam ibi majestatem Romani nominis fore,

    Liv. 2, 48.—
    F.
    In judic. lang., t. t.
    1.
    A seller, vender (inasmuch as he warrants the right of possession of the thing to be sold, and transfers it to the purchaser; sometimes the jurists make a distinction between auctor primus and auctor secundus; the former is the seller himself, the latter the bail or security whom the former brings, Dig. 21, 2, 4; cf.

    Salmas. Mod. Usur. pp. 728 and 733): quod a malo auctore emīssent,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 22:

    auctor fundi,

    id. Caecin. 10; Dig. 19, 1, 52: Inpero (auctor ego sum), ut tu me quoivis castrandum loces, Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 73 Wagn.; id. Ep. 3, 2, 21; id. Curc. 4, 2, 12.— Trop.:

    auctor beneficii populi Romani,

    Cic. Mur. 2.—
    2.
    A guardian, trustee (of women and minors):

    dos quam mulier nullo auctore dixisset,

    Cic. Caecin. 25:

    majores nostri nullam ne privatam quidem rem agere feminas sine auctore voluerunt,

    Liv. 34, 2:

    pupillus obligari tutori eo auctore non potest,

    Dig. 26, 8, 5.—
    3.
    In espousals, auctores are the witnesses of the marriage contract (parents, brothers, guardians, relatives, etc.):

    nubit genero socrus, nullis auspicibus, nullis auctoribus,

    Cic. Clu. 5.—
    G.
    An agent, factor, spokesman, intercessor, champion:

    praeclarus iste auctor suae civitatis,

    Cic. Fl. 22:

    (Plancius) princeps inter suos... maximarum societatum auctor, plurimarum magister,

    id. Planc. 13, 22:

    meae salutis,

    id. Sest. 50, 107:

    doloris sui, querelarum, etc.,

    id. Fl. 22 fin.
    ► In class.
    Lat. auctor is also used as fem.:

    eas aves, quibus auctoribus etc.,

    Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27:

    Et hostes aderant et (Theoxena) auctor mortis instabat,

    Liv. 40, 4, 15:

    auctor ego (Juno) audendi,

    Verg. A. 12, 159; Ov. M. 8, 108; id. F. 5, 192; 6, 709; id. H. 14, 110; 15, 3; Sen. Med. 968; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 29 Müll. The distinction which the grammarians, Serv. ad Verg. A. 12, 159, Prob. p. 1452 sq. P., and others make between auctor fem. and auctrix, that auctrix would refer more to the lit. signif. of the verb, augeo, while auctor fem. has more direct relation to the prevailing signif. of its noun, auctoritas, is unfounded.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > auctor

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  • Passed ball — In baseball, a catcher is charged with a passed ball when he fails to hold or control a legally pitched ball that, with ordinary effort, should have been maintained under his control. When, as a result of this loss of control, the batter or the… …   Wikipedia

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